Studied by 5 people
What is motivation?
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented behavior. It involves internal and external forces that direct human actions.
What are the two types of motives?
Biological motives and psychosocial motives.
What are biological motives?
Biological motives are innate, driven by physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sex, to ensure survival.
What are psychosocial motives?
4. Psychosocial motives are learned from social environments and include the need for achievement, affiliation, power, curiosity, and exploration.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
5. A motivational theory in psychology that consists of a five-tier model of human needs, arranged in a hierarchical order: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.
List the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Love and belongingness 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization
What is self-actualization according to Maslow?
It is the fulfillment of ones potential, involving creativity, problem-solving, spontaneity, and the pursuit of personal growth.
What triggers hunger biologically?
8. Hunger is triggered by factors like stomach contractions, low glucose levels, low protein and fat stores, and signals from the hypothalamus and liver.
What is the primary biological trigger for thirst?
9. Thirst is triggered by dehydration of body tissues and reduced blood volume, detected by osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus.
How is the sex drive different from other biological drives?
10. Unlike hunger and thirst, sexual activity is not essential for individual survival, and it is influenced by age, biology, and social factors.
What is the need for affiliation?
11. It is the desire to form and maintain positive relationships with others and seek social contact, especially during times of happiness or distress.
What is the need for power?
12. It is the motivation to influence or control others, often expressed through leadership, competition, or enhancing ones reputation.
What is the need for achievement (n-Ach)?
13. It refers to the desire to meet high standards of excellence, prefer moderately challenging tasks, and seek feedback on performance.
How does curiosity and exploration relate to motivation?
14. Curiosity is a motivational tendency to seek new experiences and sensory stimulation, driving people to explore their surroundings without a specific goal.
What are the six basic emotions universally recognized?
15. Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
How does culture influence emotional expression?
16. Culture affects the way emotions are expressed and interpreted, including differences in facial expressions, gestures, and the labeling of emotions.
What is the difference between emotion, feeling, and mood?
17. Emotion is a complex pattern of arousal and subjective experience; feeling refers to the pleasure or pain dimension; mood is a long-lasting affective state of lesser intensity.
What role do facial expressions play in emotional communication?
18. Facial expressions convey the intensity and nature of emotions, acting as a primary non-verbal communication channel.
How can body movements express emotions?
19. Body movements, posture, and gestures can communicate emotions like joy, anger, and sadness, as seen in theater and classical dance forms.
What is the motivational cycle?
20. It describes the process starting from a need, leading to a drive, arousal, goal-directed behavior, and finally need fulfillment.
What are instincts in the context of biological motivation?
21. Instincts are inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned, such as curiosity, flight, or parental care.
What are the key biological structures involved in motivation?
22. The hypothalamus, limbic system, and neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin play key roles in regulating motivation.
What is arousal in the context of motivation?
23. Arousal refers to a state of physiological activation or readiness for action, essential for driving motivated behavior.
What are psychosocial factors that influence motivation?
24. Social environment, cultural expectations, role models, and personal experiences influence psychosocial motivation.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in hunger regulation?
25. The hypothalamus monitors bodily states like blood glucose levels and signals hunger or satiety.
What is the difference between need and drive?
26. A need is a deficit of something necessary (like food), while a drive is the resulting tension or arousal that motivates behavior to fulfill that need.
What are the four ways of expressing power motivation according to David McClelland?
27. Gaining power through external sources, mastering oneself, influencing individuals, and impacting others as part of an organization.
What is self-esteem, and how does it fit in Maslow’s hierarchy?
28. Self-esteem is the need for self-respect and recognition from others, ranking just below self-actualization in Maslows hierarchy.
What are the eight primary emotions according to Plutchik?
29. Joy, sadness, acceptance, disgust, fear, anger, surprise, and anticipation.
How do gender differences affect emotional expression?
30. Research shows women experience most emotions more intensely than men, except for anger, which men experience more frequently.
What is the cultural difference in gaze behavior?
31. Latin Americans and Southern Europeans maintain direct eye contact, while Asians prefer a peripheral gaze during interactions.
How do children exhibit curiosity and exploration?
32. Children derive satisfaction from exploring new environments and become distressed if their curiosity is discouraged.
What is the difference between physiological and safety needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?
33. Physiological needs are basic survival needs (food, water), while safety needs involve protection from harm and security.
Why is self-awareness important in managing emotions?
34. Self-awareness helps individuals understand the causes of their emotions, enabling better emotional regulation and decision-making.
What is perceptual reorganization?
35. It involves changing how one perceives events to develop a more positive outlook and reduce negative emotions.
How can positive emotions benefit an individual?
36. Positive emotions enhance creativity, problem-solving, and resilience while improving social relationships and overall well-being.
What is the need for exploration?
37. It is the drive to seek new experiences and knowledge, often for its own sake, without a specific goal.
What are paralanguage features in emotional communication?
38. Pitch, loudness, and speech tempo that accompany verbal communication, conveying additional emotional information.
How do ancient cultures categorize emotions?
39. Ancient Indian literature identifies eight emotions (love, mirth, energy, wonder, anger, grief, disgust, fear), while Chinese literature lists seven.
What are the key components of emotion?
40. Emotion involves physiological arousal, subjective feeling, and cognitive interpretation.
How do external cues affect hunger?
External cues like the aroma, taste, appearance of food, and observing others eating can trigger hunger.
What is the role of osmoreceptors in thirst?
42. Osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus detect cell dehydration and trigger the motivation to drink water.
What is the difference between need for affiliation and need for achievement?
43. Need for affiliation focuses on forming relationships, while need for achievement is the desire to meet standards of excellence.
Why is self-actualization considered the highest need in Maslow’s hierarchy?
44. It represents the fulfillment of one’s potential and personal growth, which goes beyond basic survival and social needs.
How does culture influence emotional labeling?
45. Different cultures have varied emotional labels and categories, reflecting how emotions are experienced and expressed differently.
What is the importance of body language in emotional communication?
46. Body language, such as posture and gestures, helps convey emotions and complements verbal communication.
What is the adaptive function of fear?
47. Fear prepares the body for immediate action against threats, enhancing survival by triggering fight-or-flight responses.
What are examples of psychosocial motives?
48. Need for power, need for affiliation, curiosity, exploration, and need for achievement.
How do facial expressions help in understanding emotions?
49. Facial expressions convey the intensity and type of emotion, often serving as a universal language for basic emotions.
What are paralanguage features in emotional communication?
50. Pitch, loudness, and speech tempo that accompany verbal communication, conveying additional emotional information.
