Normal sleep

Homeostatic

Also known as “S”, the process makes us feel sleepy depending on the duration of wakefulness

N3 sleep

what proportion of deep sleep does the homeostatic process regulate

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

This is the sleep-promoting nucleus or area

Monoaminergic nuclei

It is part of the reticular activating system and promotes wakefulness

hypocretin neurons

what group of neurons modulate the wake-promoting and sleep promoting areas

Circadian process

this process is dependent on the environmental light

zeitgebers

What are the factors of circadian process called?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

this acts as the master clock or the circadian clock

retinohypothalamic tract

where does environmental light fall through

Pineal gland

what gland secretes melatonin

N1 sleep

Characterized by theta waves in EEG; slow eye movement and diminution of muscle tone

N2 sleep

theta waves, sleep spindles, and k complexes in eeg; no eye movementand low muscle tone

n3 sleep

More than 20% has delta waves in the EEG

REM sleep

is characterized by low-voltage, mixed-frequency

activity in EEG, rapid eye movement, and muscle atonia

90–120 min

minutes of nrem and rem alternation

90 minutes

how many minutes till REM sleep appears after NREM sleep

4-5 cycles

average healthy cycles for an adult

Beta Waves

known as “busy waves” and has a frequency greater than 13 HZ

Alpha waves

also known as relaxed waves and has a frequency of 8-13hz

Theta waves

also known as drowsy waves and has a frequency of 4-7 hz and a amplitude of 10 micro volts

Delta Waves

deep sleep waves, has a frequency of less than 4 hz but a high amplitude 75 uv

stage 3 and 4

delta waves are seen frequently during

K complex

intermittent high-amplitude, biphasic waves. this signals the start of stage 2 sleep

Sleep spindles

this marks the onset of stage 2 and has a frequency of 12-14 hz

Sawtooth waves

notched-jagged waves of frequency in the theta range. commonly seen inthe REM sleep

Vertex wave

These are usually seen at the end of stage 1, sharp upward deflection (2-7hz)

2-7 hz

Vertex wave amplitude

3-7 hz

amplitude of sawtooth wave

12-14hz

Sleep spindle amplitude

4-7hz

frequency of theta waves

8-13 hz

frequency of alpha waves

Greater than 13

beta waves frequency

laterodorsal tegmental/ pedunculopontine tegmental

REM sleep is modulated by what