dasilva cell transport

Phospholipid bilayer

A layer that contains two phospholipids with their tails facing the inside and the head facing the outside.

What part of the phospholipid is polar?

The phospholipid head

What part of the phospholipid is non-polar?

The two fatty tails, one is saturated and the other is unsaturated

Fluid Mosaic Model

Various components that make up the membrane and move/swap places within the membrane

Two types of integral proteins

Channel and gated

Cholesterol in the bilayer

Hydrophobic so it’s kept with the phospholipid tails, and helps keep the membrane flexible, fluid in cold temps and stable in hot temps

What types of molecules pass through the integral proteins?

Large and charged molecules

What types of molecules pass through the phospholipids on their own?

Small and nonpolar

The protein that allows water to pass through

Aquaporins, specialized chemical proteins

Peripheral protein

Moves molecules to integral proteins on the same side of the membrane (think of an airport conveyor belt)

A type of protein that is always open on both sides for molecules to pass through

Channel protein

Has a ‘gate’ that determines which molecule goes through the membrane. It is always open on one side

Gated/carrier protein

Carbohydrate chain

The ID/marker of the cell, is a part of the glycoprotein

What cells have cell membrane?

All of them

This cell part determines what enters/exits the cell

The cell membrane

What is the cell membrane made of?

Phospholipids, other lipids, proteins, and carbs

Semi-permeable/semi-selective

Only certain things can come in or out

Passive transport

A type of transport that doesn’t require an input of energy. It moves molecules from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration.

Concentration gradient

Every solute/chemical has this. This is where the solute goes from high solute to a low solute concentration.

Simple diffusion/diffusion

Molecules that can freely pass on their own through the membrane, such as small and nonpolar

Facilutated diffusion

Molecules that need the help of integral proteins to go through the cell membrane, such as large and/or charged molecules

Osmosis

The diffusion of water, is a type of facilitated diffusion (passive) since it needs aquaporin to pass. Water moves from high water to low water (MUST USE THIS TERM)

Tonicity

Describes the solute concentrations, comparing two different environments.

Hypertonic

When there is more solute than the other environment. If there is a hypertonic solution inside the cell the cell is in a hypotonic environment

Isotonic

Equal solutes on both sides. The solute goes in and out at equal rates

Hypotonic

Low solute compared to the outer environment. If there is a hypotonic solution inside the cell the cell is in a hypertonic environment

Active transport

Requires an input of energy, ATP. Solutes move UP or AGAINST their concentration gradient (low solute to high solute). It always requires an integral protein that acts like a pump

ATP

Stands for Adenosine Triphosphate

ADP

Stands for Adenosine Diphosphate

Bulk transport

An example of active transport. It requires ATP in order to do work, transports large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, and cholesterol that can’t go through integral proteins

Exocytosis

A type of bulk transport. Exits bulky material out the cell. Vesicles made from the golgi apparatus surround the thing going out, fusing with the material and the cell membrane then spill out

Endocytosis

A type of bulk transport. It brings bulky material inside the cell

Phagocytsois

Type of endocytosis. It “eats” the molecule. Helps with bacterial destruction and intake of nutrients. Lysosomes and their enzymes digest whatever is taken

Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis. “Drinks” any or many solutes to take in liquid. Lysosomes and their enzymes digest whatever is taken

Lyses

When an animal cell bursts open in a hypotonic environment

Normal state for an animal cell

Water goes in and out at equal rates

Shriveled

When an animal cell loses water in a hypertonic environment

Turgid

The normal state for a plant cell in a hypotonic environment

Flaccid

The plant when kept in an isotonic environment. It will look droopy

Plasmolyzed

The cell membrane of the plant pulls away from the cell wall as it loses water in a hypertonic environment