sociocultural theories

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theories and terms for the sociocultural topic

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28 Terms

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social identity theory

refers to the way someone thinks about themselves and evaluates themselves in relation to groups

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two types of self

  • social identity: group memberships

  • personal identity: self on a more individual, private and interpersonal level

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3 steps to creating a social identity

  • self categorisation

  • social identity

  • social comparison

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self categorisation

focuses on which group people belong to

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social identity

how people see themselves in relation to a group

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social comparison

how people view and treat themselves and people in their group

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in-group bias

  • favouritism

  • assigning favourable traits to the in-group

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out-group bias

  • derogate out-group to somehow make us feel better about ourselves

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social cognitive theory

the process by which social influences affect us and change our thoughts, feelings and behaviours

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5 stages of observational learning

  • attention: must be actively watching the model

  • retention: must remember the information and behaviour

  • reproduction: must be physically and mentally able to recreate

  • motivation: must have desire to reproduce

  • reinforce: observe repercussions of the action

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models

  • behaviour is modelled by other members of a group

  • more likely to learn if person can closely relate to the model

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stereotype

generalised and fixed idea or an individual for being part of a group and their physical attributes

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illusory correlation

people see a relationship between two variables even when there is none

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stereotype threat

in a situation where there is a threat of being judged or treated stereotypically there is a fear of doing something that will confirm the stereotype

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spot light anxiety

causes emotional distress and pressure that may undermine performance

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culture

a dynamic system of rules, implicit and explicit, made by a group for survival that includes behaviours, beliefs, values, norms and attitudes

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cognition

the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses

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enculturation

learning and maintenance of necessary and appropriate behaviours and norms of our own culture

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cultural norm

set of rules based on socially or culturally shared beliefs of how an individuak ought to behave to be accepted within that group

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cultural transmission

involved in passing cultural norms from one generation to the next

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acculturation

process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultural groups

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assimilation

abandons original culture and adopts new cultural behaviours and values

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integration

preserve original values but explore relationships with other cultures at the same time

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separation

value their original culture and are afraid to lose it so avoid contact with other cultures

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marginalisation

individuals do not maintain their original culture but do not seek contact with other cultures

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individualism

  • focuses on the individuals

  • interest of individuals are more important

  • conformity is lower

  • compliance is higher

  • encourage self expression

  • stronger self identity

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collectivism

  • focus on the group

  • compliance levels are lower

  • stronger self identity

  • less expression of emotion

  • conform easier

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conformity

obedience with standards, rules or laws