APUSH 1+2

encomiendas

spanish labor system: king gives land in exchange for protection and conversion of natives--natives abused anyway

Quebec

first french colony in new world

new amsterdam

first dutch settlement in new world; replaced by new york with no struggle

social mobility

a change in position within the social hierarchy

chesapeake colonies

maryland and virginia, farmed tobacco

virginia company

An english joint-stock company based in Virginia

jamestown

first successful english colony, major colony of virginia

house of burgesses

Elected governing assembly in colonial Virginia

powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

bacon's rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and burned the Jamestown. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

indentured servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

pilgrims

English Puritans who left Britain because of religious persecution and founded Plymouth colony in 1620, led by John Winthrop

puritans

believe in purification of Anglican church

salem witch trials

19 women accused, tried, executed for witchcraft in salem, massachusetts

rhode island

colony of puritan outcasts started by roger williams and anne hutchinson

roger williams

pilgrim who disagreed with the lack of separation of church and state in puritan colonies, founded colony of providence in RI with anne hutchinson

anne hutchinson

pilgrim who disagreed with role of women in puritan church, founded colony of providence in RI with roger williams

middle colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; most diverse + tolerant, cereal crop farming

pennsylvania + maryland religions

pennsylvania: quakers, maryland: catholics then protestants

william penn

founded Pennsylvania for religious freedom (Quakers)

slave songs

carried messages about African culture, escape; allude to biblical Israelites escaping slavery in Egypt

autonomy

(n.) self-government, political control; independence

syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith: mix of African + Christian religion, voodoo etc.

british west indies

plantation agriculture, dominated by planter elite, grew tobacco and rice, similar to southern colonies

town meetings

system of local self-governance prominent in new england colonies influenced by puritan values--discussed/mixed church and state

massachusetts legislature (massachusetts general court)

massachusetts version of house of burgesses; modeled after parliament, elected officials vote on colonial matters

transatlantic trade

aka triangular trade, three pointed Atlantic economy that emerged with the New world

middle passage

portion of transatlantic trade from africa to the new world, notoriously brutal slave trade route

destruction of the huron

20,000-40,000 to 12,000 population loss of Huron tribe because of smallpox and measles epidemics brought by Europeans

beaver wars

Iroquois and British fought the French and Huron for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region

chickasaw wars

War in the 1700s between the Chickasaw, allied with the British, against the French, who were allied with the Choctaw and Illini. The war was fought over land, primarily for control of the Mississippi River.

king williams war

The first of a series of colonial struggles between England and France; these conflicts occurred principally on the frontiers of northern New England and New York between 1689 and 1697.

queen anne's war

Second of the North American wars waged by the British vs French and natives over land, little help from King

massachusetts becomes a royal colony

King takes control of Massachusetts, they had a illegal mint, voting issues and discrimination against Anglicans.

dominion of new england

king frustrated with new england colonists, merges all of new england colonies into one; lots of revolts, dominion only lasts three years

examples of mercantilist policies controlling colonists

molasses act, navigation acts, wool acts

navigation acts

british tell colonists that they must use british ships, british sailors, british ports, etc.

wool acts

british tell colonists that they can only sell wool to british territories

molasses act

british law: colonists must pay a tax if purchasing molasses from anyone other than british territories, forced to purchase from british exclusively

king philips war (metacom's war)

war between wampanoags led by metacom (king philip) and puritan colonists angered by praying towns

pequot war

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

yamasee war

war between the South Carolina settlers and the local natives who did not like being used for slavery and threatened for their land

praying towns

puritan towns for natives to live, convert to christianity, learn english culture; abusive

pueblo revolt

Native American revolt led by Pope (pope-ay) against the Spanish missions; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

spanish mission system

a more peaceful (still forceful) replacement for encomiendas, similar to praying towns but larger/harsher

pluralism

presence of multiple distinct groups ideas in societies (ex. diverse middle colonies)

great awakening

colony-wise religious re-awakening, promoted individual salvation + removed need for clergy; protestant evangelism; led by john locke and george whitfield

enlightenment

A movement that advocated the use of reason and logic, contradicted church, spread from europe to americas

protestant response to enlightenment

great awakening

anglicization

process of colonies becoming more english-like (due to print culture), govt modeled after parliament, enlightenment, language, attire inspired by english

trans-atlantic print culture

spread of ideas, and goods via trade and newspapers; guttenbergs printing press anglicization

protestant evangelism

Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality. It was part of the First Great Awakening. Evangelism was a reaction to the Enlightenment priority of rationalism over emotionalism and spirituality.

salutary neglect

king's hands-off approach for colonies, led to self-governing in colonies, less work + more money for king

chattel slavery

slaves viewed as property (different from forms of slavery like trafficking)

interracial marriage laws

prohibited interracial marriage in maryland, virginia, pennsylvania; associated with chattel slavery since slaves were legal property

perpetuity of slavery

slavery designed to last forever; children of slave mothers were to be slaves regardless of father

overt resistance by slaves

breaking tools, running away, working slowly, blatant rebellion (stono rebellion)

covert resistance by slaves

surrogate families, retaining culture, language, music, syncretic religion

surrogate family

an adoptive family of slaves to help reserve culture and tradition

stono rebellion

south carolina, one of the first major slave rebellions

examples of syncretic religion (african religions mixed with christianity)

voodoo, santeria, rastafari

maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans especially in mexico

atlantic seaboard

north american east coast

columbian exchange

exchange of ideas, culture, goods, disease, etc. between old and new world

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; country focused on gold/money

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state (new world economy)

sextant

measures lattitude

joint-stock companies

multiple investors in a company; developed in new world

epidemics brought to north america

smallpox, measles

casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

subjugation

the act of conquering or bringing under control; enslavement

valladolid debates

debates about spanish treatment of natives in new world (encomiendas)

bartolome de las casas

argued that native americans should be treated humanely, former encomienda owner

juan de sepulveda

Argued that the Native Americans needed the rule and "civilization" that Spain could provide, ("saving their souls") which justified their treatment at the hands of colonizers.

Never left Spain

casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.