Unit 4 APHUG Vocab

State

State

The largest political unit, the formal term for a country. It has a defined boundary, contains a permanent population, maintains sovereignty, and is recognized by other states. Ex. Canada

Nation

A group of people who have certain things in common. These include cultural heritage, centripetal values and beliefs, a term-0traditional claim for homeland, and a desire to establish their own state/self-rule Ex. Maasai, Scots, French, Mexicans (last 2 might be wrong)

Nation-state

A nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state Ex. Japan, Iceland, France (no real example)

Multinational State

A country that contains more than one nation. Usually contains a dominant one and other smaller ones. Ex. Canada

Autonomous Region

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state Ex. Hong Kong, Aland

Semiautonomous Region

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule Ex. Navajo, Other Native American Indian Reserves

Stateless Nation

A cultural group that has no independent political entity Ex. Kurds, Palestinians (i think LMAO)

Multistate Nation

When a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states Ex. Hungarians, Koreans (???)

Sovereignty

The power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs Ex. US being independent

Berlin Conference

In 1884 & 1885, reps from the major European empires met in Berlin to make claims on Africa. These claims formed state boundaries in Africa and showed little regard to existing boundaries. It's sometimes called the Congo Conference btw

Self-determination

The right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence Ex. Scots (not rlly sure on this one tbh)

Decolonization

The undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory Ex. European colonial territories finally getting independence yayayay

Devolution

This process in which one of more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit Ex. Soviet Union collapse

Territoriality

A willingness by a person or a group of people to defend the space they claim No example rlly, but its expressed when ppl influence others or shape events by asserting control

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries Ex. Kenya built that expensive aah railroad from a Chinese govt. owned company put them into debt, which let the Chinese gain control over it

Shatterbelts

A place located between two very different and contentious regions. They are under consistent stress, and may sufffer instability due to external aggression Ex. Yugoslavia, Germany during Cold War

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile units along ethno-linguistic lines. Areas that suffer from this are also known as shatterbelts. Ex. Sudan

Choke Point

A place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interactions. It narrow, hard to pass through, and has competition for use. Ex. Suez Canal, other straits

Antecedent

A boundary established before a large population was present Ex. The border between Malaysia and Indonesia was negotiated between English & Dutch settlers before large-scale inhabitation

Subsequent

A boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences. Ex. Boundary between North Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, European boundaries constantly changing throughout history

Consequent

A type of subsequent boundary that takes into account existing cultural or physical landscapes Ex. Boundary between India and Pakistan made for religious purposes, Nunavut and Canada

Superimposed

A boundary drawn by outside powers Ex. haha berlin conference boundaries

Geometric

A straight line or drawn arc by people that does not closely follow any physical feature Ex. 49th parallel that separates the US and Canada

Relic

A boundary that no longer exists, but is still evident on the landscape Ex. Berlin wall between East and West Germany, Great Wall of China

Defined Boundary

A boundary established by a legal document, such as treaty, that divides on entity from another (invisible line) Ex. Countries where points of longitude and latitude are specified, Plot of real estate where points in the landscape or described

Delimited Boundary

A boundary drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space Ex. idk sorry

Demarcated Boundary

A boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscaped Ex. Fences, Walls, A Sign

Administered Boundary

How a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross Ex. Israel and Palestinians (I'm not that sure on this one tee bee hayche!!)

Definitional Boundary Dispute

Occurs when two or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary Ex. Chile and Argentina boundary where the southern lands are in dispute

Locational Boundary/Territorial Disputes

Boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited, or demarcated. Basically argues of who possessess the land. Ex. Post-WWI boundary between Germany and Poland

Operational Boundary/Functional Disputes

Boundary disputes that center not on where a boundary is, but how it functions. Disagreements can arise related to trade, transportation, or migration. Ex. Refugees fleeing Syria and European countries arguing on which ones should stop them (I think)

Allocational Boundary/Resource Disputes

When a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries Ex. Iraq and Kuwait oil conflict oooh

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

An international treaty that defines the rights and responsibilities of nations related to the sea. It covers four zones

Territorial Sea

One of the four UNCLOS zones; this area extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

One of the four UNCLOS zones; coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles

Electoral College

Using spatial thinking techniques and tool sot analyze elections and voting patterns

Census

A count of the population every 10 years Ex. no example but the US does it

Reapportionment

Changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state's population

Redistricting

Redrawing of district boundaries so each district contains roughly the same number of people according to the census

Voting District

Internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions

Gerrymandering

The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power Ex. North Carolina District 12 redrawn to follow the I-85 corridor to give an advantage to the party in power (not the img btw)

Packing

Combining like=minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

Cracking

Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

Representative Districts

The ideal, in which the voting districts are equal in population, contiguous, and compact. Truly representative of the people living in the district

Federal

Unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty Ex. Germany, US, Nigeria

Unitary

Most or all of the governing power is held by the national government Ex. France, Japan, Kenya

Ethnic Separatism

The advocacy of full political separation from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines Ex. Basques and Catalans fighting for separation from Spain

Ethnic Cleansing

A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas. Ex. Hitler's attempt to eliminate Jews in Germany

Terrorism

Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals Ex. Al Qaeda's attack on the US on 9/11 due to the US supporting Saudi Arabia and Israel

Irredentism

A movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary Ex. Nagorno-Karabakh region after the Soviet Union collapsed

Supranational Organization

Multiple countries form this for the benefit of all members often to promote trade, create a military alliance, etc. Ex. United Nations

United Nations (UN)

Created to promote peace, security, and human rights. Contains 193 member states, which is most countries of the world. Located in NYC.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Created to provide mutual defense of member states. It contains 30 member states such as the US, Canada, Iceland, most countries in western and central Europe, and Turkey. Located in Brussels, Belgium.

European Union (EU)

Created to integrate member states politically and economically. It contains 27 member states, which mostly include countries in central and western Europe. Located in Brussels, Belgium.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Created to advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region. It contains 10 countries from SE Asia. Located in Jakarta, Indonesia.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

One of the largest and most influential supranational organizations. Created to have countries agree to a set of fair and non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade. They also ensure trade flows smoothly, freely, and predictibly.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Created to coordinate and unify its members' petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil market. It focuses on the production of oil, or petroleum, and includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela, Indonesia, etc.

Regionalism

When loyalty to a distinct portion of a country is more important than loyalty to the entire country Ex. Canada's French-speaking population in Quebec

Ethnonationalism

Support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group within a state, especially its national independence of self-determination Ex. Fragmentation in Syria and Iraq letting a Kurdish independence movement rise