AP Statistics TPS5e Chapter 4

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20 Terms

1

dotplot

a display of quantitative data in which each data value is shown as a dot above its location on a number line

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2

bias

systematic error, favoring some parts of the population over others; systematically favors certain outcomes

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3

sample mean

x̄, the average of a sample

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4

sample

a subset of an entire population used to gather information about the population

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5

statistic

a number describing a sample

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6

population

entire group of individuals that we want information about

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7

parameter

a number describing a population

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8

sampling frame

list of individuals from which a sample is actually selected

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9

census

a sample that collects information from every individual in the population

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10

probability sample

a sample chosen by chance

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11

simple random sample (SRS)

a sample which consists of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected; this gives every such sample and individual an equal chance to be chosen to avoid bias

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12

stratified random sample

a sample constructed by dividing the population into groups (called strata) based on some characteristic, taking a SRS from each, and then combining these to form full sample [within each strata, individuals will be similar but when comparing one strata to another, the strata will vary from one another]

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13

strata

groups formed of similar individuals; choosing a separate SRS from each of these groups and combining these SRSs creates a stratified random sample

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14

cluster sample

take a SRS of several entire groups (clusters) of individuals that are "near" on another [within each cluster, individuals will be varied but when comparing one cluster to another, the clusters will be similar to one another]

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15

systematic random sample

taking a sample by beginning at a randomly chosen location in a list and then every nth item thereafter

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16

convenience sample

chooses individuals easiest to reach; one type of bad sample design; does not represent the entire population; biased because the person creating the sample is not selecting randomly

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17

voluntary response sample

created by allowing people to choose themselves by responding to a general appeal; biased because people with extreme opinions are most likely to respond

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18

explanatory variable or factor

a variable that may help explain or predict changes in a response variable (the variable that we change or manipulate in an experiment)

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19

response variable or outcome

a variable that measures an outcome of a study

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20

nonresponse

individual chosen for the sample can't be reached or does not cooperate

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