Types of Fractures A&P

Traverse

A type of fracture that runs horizontally across the bone, often resulting from a direct blow or stress.

Linear

A type of fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone, typically caused by repetitive stress or trauma.

Oblique non-displaced

A type of fracture that occurs at an angle to the bone's axis but does not result in the bone fragments being separated or displaced.

Oblique displaced

A type of fracture that occurs at an angle to the bone's axis and results in the bone fragments being separated or displaced.

Spiral

A type of fracture that occurs when a twisting or rotational force is applied to the bone, resulting in a helical break.

Greenstick

a partial thickness fracture where only the cortex and periosteum are interrupted on one side of the bone while they remain uninterrupted on the other side. Fractures occur most commonly after a fall on an outstretched arm

Comminuted

a bone that is broken in at least two places, caused by severe traumas like car accidents. You will need surgery to repair your bone, and recovery can take a year or longer.

Reduction

Getting a bone back where it needs to be and lining it up physically. (closed or open)

Closed/Simple Fractures

clean breaks in bone that fragment the bone into 2 or more pieces, but none of the broken bone penetrates the skin; little or no peripheral damage to surrounding tissues occurs

Open/Compound Fractures

are more severe breaks in the bone that result in bone penetrating the skin; significant damage to other peripheral tissues can occur

Fibroblasts

cells that make protein fibers (ex: collagen) for new C.T. matrix

Chondroblasts

Cells that produce ground substance for new cartilaginous matrix (ex hyaluronic acid)

Osteoblasts

Cells that make new osseous (bone tissue) matrix

Osteocytes

Mature bone-maintaining cells

Osteoclasts

Bone tissue destroying cells

Phagocytes (microphages)

Removes non-bony debris from fracture site, consumes the germs in wounds

Arthritis

Inflammation in joints

Osteoarthritis

Tends to be one sided, can affect different joints (base of thumb, one knee, one hip, big toe, etc) typically occurs later in life, stiff less than half an hour in the morning, joints feel bony but no soft swelling. Degenerative, due to wear and tear use.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Affects MCP and PIP joints, pain is in symmetric joints (both sides of the body), starts in small joints in the hands and feet then spreads, morning pain and stiffness for >30 minutes. Autoimmune version of arthritis, immune system attacks its own tissues when it should not. Immune system is taking out the synovial membrane (aka lubricating fluid between the joint)

Gouty arthritis

A painful form of inflammatory arthritis. It occurs when uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints, often affecting the big toe. Symptoms include sudden and intense joint pain, inflammation, and difficulty walking. Treatment involves managing symptoms and making dietary changes. Metabolic/genetic disposition to inflammation.

Bulging Disc

Occurs when the outer layer weakens and the disc expands beyond its normal space, affecting up to half of the disc's circumference

Herniated disc

Results when a crack in the tough outer layer of cartilage allows some of the softer inner cartilage to stick out of the disk. Also are called ruptured disks or slipped disks. The whole disk does not rupture or slip. Only the small area of the crack is affected.

Scoliosis

an abnormal side-to-side curvature of your spine. Your spine curves to the left and right into a C or S shape. Most cases are mild, don’t cause symptoms and don’t need treatment. Severe cases can cause uneven posture and pain. Treatment may include wearing a brace or surgery.

Hyperlordosis

The exaggerated curve of the spine will cause the stomach to thrust forward and bottom to push out. From the side, the inward curve will look arched, like the letter C. Symptoms: Lower back pain or neck pain, or restricted movement. Most is mild, and your back remains flexible. Causes: Bad posture, obesity, wearing high-heeled shoes for extended periods, spinal injury, neuromuscular diseases, rickets, sitting or standing for extended periods, and weak core muscles. Treatment: weight loss and physical therapy

Hyperkyphosis

An abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions.

Extracapsular Ligament

Outside joint

Intracapsular Ligament

Inside joint

Antagonistic muscles

Those that oppose the action of another muscle. They work in pairs to stabilize movements. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to create smooth motion. Examples include the biceps and triceps in the arm.

Calcitonin + Thyroid Gland

Anteriorly oriented gland, produces calcitonin to decrease calcium. It monitors the calcium levels. Osteoblasts would take calcium from the bloodstream and input it into the bones._______ inhibits the osteoclasts.

PTH (parathyroid hormone) + parathyroid glands

On the thyroid, produces PTH to increase calcium. Osteoclasts would work to free calcium from the bones.

Effector

solves problem

Insertion

The point of attachment in a muscle where more movement occurs. (working end)

Origin

Starting end of the muscle