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4 functions of blood
transport & exchange of nutrients & wastes; thermoregulation; immunity; fluid & pH balance
What get rid of diseased cells?
white blood cells and antibodies
What is 55% of whole blood?
Plasma
Plasma is made up of 92% ____
water
7% of plasma is ____
proteins
What 3 proteins are in plasma?
albumins; globulins; fibrinogen
What plasma protein transports stuff that can't get thru the blood on its own (hydrophobic substances)?
albumin
What plasma protein helps w/ immunity?
gamma globulins
What plasma protein helps with clotting?
fibrinogen
1% of plasma is made up of ____
other solutes
What are the 3 other solutes in plasma?
electrolytes; organic nutrients; organic wastes
What 5 electrolytes are in plasma?
Na+; Cl-; Ca2+; H+; HCO3-
What 3 organic nutrients are in plasma?
amino acids; glucose; fatty acids
What 2 organic wastes are in plasma?
urea; bilirubin
Which plasma protein is most abundant?
albumin
How can albumin transport hydrophobic molecules?
hydrophobic pocket
What 3 things is albumin responsible for transporting?
cholesterol-based hormones; fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K); bilirubin
Why don't doctors take blood from arteries? (3)
blood pressure is high in arteries; veins are easy to see; veins don't carry oxygen to tissue
If you spin down blood in a centrifuge, it will ____. This is called ____.
form layers according to weight; fractionated blood
What are the 3 layers of blood?
plasma; buffy layer (WBCs); RBCs & hemoglobin
What are the formed elements in fractionated blood?
buffy layer & RBC
Why does the RBC layer of fractionated blood sink to the bottom?
RBCs have iron
What does hematocrit mean?
Percent of total blood that's made up of formed elements (basically RBCs)
Why do males have on average have slightly more RBCs than females?
testosterone
99% of the cells in blood are ____
erythrocytes (RBCs)
Hematocrit will ____ w/ dehydration because ____ so the total blood ____ but the RBC # ____.
increase; water is primary component of plasma; decreases; stays the same
3 functions of the biconcave shape of RBCs
stack easily; bend and flew through narrow capillaries; increase SA/V ratio
Do RBCs have organelles?
no
How is ATP produced in RBCs?
glycolysis because they have no organelles
How do RBCs get glucose for glycolysis?
diffusion
____ makes up 33% of the mass of an RBC
hemoglobin
A hemoglobin molec has a ____ structure
quaternary
One hemoglobin has ___ hemes and each heme may carry ___.
4; 1 O2
One hemoglobin has ___ globin proteins and each globin may carry ____.
4; 1 CO2
We call hemoglobin molecules a pigment because it has color, when does this color change?
oxygenated or deoxygenated
What is in the center of a heme?
iron
RBCs are exposed to ____
severe physical stresses
What is the life span of an RBC?
120 days
____ of circulating RBCs replaced each day
1%
____ new RBCs enter circulation each second
3 mil
The RBCs go from the heart to the body to the heart in ____
1 minute
What is erythropoiesis?
making of erythrocytes
3 forms of RBC in the order in which they develop
hemocytoblast; erythroblast; erythrocyte
5 stages of RBC development
stem cell; committed; ribosome synthesis; make hemoglobin; eject nucleus and mitochondria
Regulation of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: Hypoxemia -> ____ -> increased ____ -> goes to ____ -> increased ____ -> goes to ____.
kidneys; EPO; EPO receptors in bone marrow; RBC production; blood
Regulation of of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is ___ feedback
negative
At a low RBC %, the body produces ____; at a high %, the body produces ____
more EPO; less EPO
Can't stimulate EPO production if ____
kidney fails
____ causes males to have more EPO
testosterone
Regulation of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: Release of EPO leads to ____ or ____
increased mitotic rate; accelerated maturation
Regulation of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood:
Increased mitotic rate -> ____ -> ____ -> ____.
Accelerated maturation -> ____.
stem cells; erythroblasts; reticulocytes 2. reticulocytes
Main symptom of anemia
fatigue
4 severe symptoms of anemia
fainting; chest pain; angina; heart attack
Who is at risk for developing iron-deficiency anemia? (4)
people with liver problems (alcoholics); vegetarians; old people (less efficient at absorbing iron); women (menstruation)
How does our body regulate plasma iron?
Hepcidin blocks Ferroportin's transport of ion
What is ferroportin?
iron channel
Vitamin C aids ___
absorption of iron
What does hepcidin do?
inhibits iron circulation
What is reticuloendothelia?
type of phagocyte that eats up dead RBCs and recycles their iron
What is transferrin?
Molecule that helps transfer iron through blood
What is pernicious anemia? Who is at risk?
lack of vitamin B12; vegans and old people
Pernicious Anemia: Autoimmune disease damages ____, resulting in ____. Can't absorb ____, used in ____.
gastric lining; gastric atrophy; vitamin B12; DNA synthesis
Pernicious Anemia: Normally, vitamin B12 is bound to the ____ in ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____.
proteins; fish; meat; poultry; eggs; dairy products; fortified cereals; some soy milks.
Pernicious Anemia: Normally, ____ releases B12 from protein. Vitamin B12 combines w/ ____ in intestines so it can be ____. Intrinsic factor production declines in ____.
stomach; intrinsic factor; older adults
Does your hematocrit increase w/ elevation? Why?
Yes so can carry more oxygen where air is so thin
If hematocrit gets too high, blood gets ____ and you might get ____
thick; clots
One way to blood dope
re-infusing your own blood
Why can't you take synthetic EPO to bulk up?
Fast-twitch muscles use glycolysis which doesn't need oxygen
Why does blood viscosity increase w/ an increased hematocrit?
lots of RBCs = thicker blood
What happens w/ high blood viscosity?
thrombi's and emboli
What happens w/ low blood viscosity?
poor oxygen transport
What is normal blood viscosity?
5 mPas
What does polycythaemia?
lots of cells
Bruise changes color over time:
RBCs ____ blood vessel
Bluish: ____
RBCs are ____
Greenish: ____
Yellow/Orange: ____ is toxic and removed by ____ or ____
Hydrophobic bilirubin is transported by ____
leak out of; low O2; phagocytized; biliverdin; bilirubin; liver; kidney; albumins
What is a byproduct of heme breakdown?
biliverdin
What is bilirubin?
organic yellow pigment
What is hemolysis?
breakdown of RBCs
Why is pee yellow?
bilirubin
Starting regular aerobic exercise will ___ body's production of EPO
increase
Injections of EPO will ____ body's production of EPO
not increase
What is jaundice?
excess bilirubin in blood
Symptom of jaundice
yellowing of skin and eyes
4 causes of jaundice
liver damage; bile duct blockage; premature birth/breakdown of fetal hemoglobin; sickle-cell anemia
Jaundice happens a lot in babies (esp premies) because they have ___ and if ____, get jaundice
diff hemoglobin; not broken down right
Many more ____ in blood than ____
RBCs; WBCs
UV light is used in treatment of infants because UV ____ in blood vessels in skin into water soluble ____ & it's not toxic.
converts bilirubin; lumirubin
In infants, mild exposure to jaundice cause ____ and ____. Chronic bilirubin deposition in an infant brain causes ____, ____ and ____.
lethargy; poor feeding; hearing loss; cerebral palsy; mental retardation
What is the network/mesh-like structure that helps w/ clotting and what is formed from?
fibrin; fibrinogen
In non-mammalian vertebrates, platelets are cells called ____
thrombocytes
In mammalian vertebrates, platelets are ____
parts of cells
Megakaryocytes are giant cells w/ ____. The edges of megakaryocyte ____ to form ____ called ____.
multiple copies of DNA in nucleus; break off; cell fragments; platelets
Megakaryocytes develop large ____ for ____, prior to ____.
rough ER; enzyme synthesis; platelet building
thrombopoiesis is the ____
process of making platelets
Homocytoblast (stem cells) -> ____ -> ____ -> ____
megakaryoblast; megakaryocyte; platelets
How long is the lifespan of a platelet?
9-12 days
Platelets have to be ____ before clotting
activated
Clotting of blood is called ____
hemostasis
Overall hemostasis is ____ feedback but there are ____ feedback loops within.
negative; positive
Blood vessel injury leads to ____ lead to ____ leads to ____
positive feedback loops; blood clot formation; vessel repair
What is the opposite of hemostasis?
hemorrhaging
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