UW Biol 118 Exam 3

4 functions of blood

transport & exchange of nutrients & wastes; thermoregulation; immunity; fluid & pH balance

What get rid of diseased cells?

white blood cells and antibodies

What is 55% of whole blood?

Plasma

Plasma is made up of 92% ____

water

7% of plasma is ____

proteins

What 3 proteins are in plasma?

albumins; globulins; fibrinogen

What plasma protein transports stuff that can't get thru the blood on its own (hydrophobic substances)?

albumin

What plasma protein helps w/ immunity?

gamma globulins

What plasma protein helps with clotting?

fibrinogen

1% of plasma is made up of ____

other solutes

What are the 3 other solutes in plasma?

electrolytes; organic nutrients; organic wastes

What 5 electrolytes are in plasma?

Na+; Cl-; Ca2+; H+; HCO3-

What 3 organic nutrients are in plasma?

amino acids; glucose; fatty acids

What 2 organic wastes are in plasma?

urea; bilirubin

Which plasma protein is most abundant?

albumin

How can albumin transport hydrophobic molecules?

hydrophobic pocket

What 3 things is albumin responsible for transporting?

cholesterol-based hormones; fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K); bilirubin

Why don't doctors take blood from arteries? (3)

blood pressure is high in arteries; veins are easy to see; veins don't carry oxygen to tissue

If you spin down blood in a centrifuge, it will ____. This is called ____.

form layers according to weight; fractionated blood

What are the 3 layers of blood?

plasma; buffy layer (WBCs); RBCs & hemoglobin

What are the formed elements in fractionated blood?

buffy layer & RBC

Why does the RBC layer of fractionated blood sink to the bottom?

RBCs have iron

What does hematocrit mean?

Percent of total blood that's made up of formed elements (basically RBCs)

Why do males have on average have slightly more RBCs than females?

testosterone

99% of the cells in blood are ____

erythrocytes (RBCs)

Hematocrit will ____ w/ dehydration because ____ so the total blood ____ but the RBC # ____.

increase; water is primary component of plasma; decreases; stays the same

3 functions of the biconcave shape of RBCs

stack easily; bend and flew through narrow capillaries; increase SA/V ratio

Do RBCs have organelles?

no

How is ATP produced in RBCs?

glycolysis because they have no organelles

How do RBCs get glucose for glycolysis?

diffusion

____ makes up 33% of the mass of an RBC

hemoglobin

A hemoglobin molec has a ____ structure

quaternary

One hemoglobin has ___ hemes and each heme may carry ___.

4; 1 O2

One hemoglobin has ___ globin proteins and each globin may carry ____.

4; 1 CO2

We call hemoglobin molecules a pigment because it has color, when does this color change?

oxygenated or deoxygenated

What is in the center of a heme?

iron

RBCs are exposed to ____

severe physical stresses

What is the life span of an RBC?

120 days

____ of circulating RBCs replaced each day

1%

____ new RBCs enter circulation each second

3 mil

The RBCs go from the heart to the body to the heart in ____

1 minute

What is erythropoiesis?

making of erythrocytes

3 forms of RBC in the order in which they develop

hemocytoblast; erythroblast; erythrocyte

5 stages of RBC development

stem cell; committed; ribosome synthesis; make hemoglobin; eject nucleus and mitochondria

Regulation of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood:
Hypoxemia -> ____ -> increased ____ -> goes to ____ -> increased ____ -> goes to ____.

kidneys; EPO; EPO receptors in bone marrow; RBC production; blood

Regulation of of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is ___ feedback

negative

At a low RBC %, the body produces ____; at a high %, the body produces ____

more EPO; less EPO

Can't stimulate EPO production if ____

kidney fails

____ causes males to have more EPO

testosterone

Regulation of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood:
Release of EPO leads to ____ or ____

increased mitotic rate; accelerated maturation

Regulation of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood:
1. Increased mitotic rate -> ____ -> ____ -> ____.
2. Accelerated maturation -> ____.

1. stem cells; erythroblasts; reticulocytes 2. reticulocytes

Main symptom of anemia

fatigue

4 severe symptoms of anemia

fainting; chest pain; angina; heart attack

Who is at risk for developing iron-deficiency anemia? (4)

people with liver problems (alcoholics); vegetarians; old people (less efficient at absorbing iron); women (menstruation)

How does our body regulate plasma iron?

Hepcidin blocks Ferroportin's transport of ion

What is ferroportin?

iron channel

Vitamin C aids ___

absorption of iron

What does hepcidin do?

inhibits iron circulation

What is reticuloendothelia?

type of phagocyte that eats up dead RBCs and recycles their iron

What is transferrin?

Molecule that helps transfer iron through blood

What is pernicious anemia? Who is at risk?

lack of vitamin B12; vegans and old people

Pernicious Anemia:
Autoimmune disease damages ____, resulting in ____. Can't absorb ____, used in ____.

gastric lining; gastric atrophy; vitamin B12; DNA synthesis

Pernicious Anemia:
Normally, vitamin B12 is bound to the ____ in ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____.

proteins; fish; meat; poultry; eggs; dairy products; fortified cereals; some soy milks.

Pernicious Anemia:
Normally, ____ releases B12 from protein. Vitamin B12 combines w/ ____ in intestines so it can be ____. Intrinsic factor production declines in ____.

stomach; intrinsic factor; older adults

Does your hematocrit increase w/ elevation? Why?

Yes so can carry more oxygen where air is so thin

If hematocrit gets too high, blood gets ____ and you might get ____

thick; clots

One way to blood dope

re-infusing your own blood

Why can't you take synthetic EPO to bulk up?

Fast-twitch muscles use glycolysis which doesn't need oxygen

Why does blood viscosity increase w/ an increased hematocrit?

lots of RBCs = thicker blood

What happens w/ high blood viscosity?

thrombi's and emboli

What happens w/ low blood viscosity?

poor oxygen transport

What is normal blood viscosity?

5 mPas

What does polycythaemia?

lots of cells

Bruise changes color over time:
1. RBCs ____ blood vessel
2. Bluish: ____
3. RBCs are ____
4. Greenish: ____
5. Yellow/Orange: ____ is toxic and removed by ____ or ____
6. Hydrophobic bilirubin is transported by ____

1. leak out of; low O2; phagocytized; biliverdin; bilirubin; liver; kidney; albumins

What is a byproduct of heme breakdown?

biliverdin

What is bilirubin?

organic yellow pigment

What is hemolysis?

breakdown of RBCs

Why is pee yellow?

bilirubin

Starting regular aerobic exercise will ___ body's production of EPO

increase

Injections of EPO will ____ body's production of EPO

not increase

What is jaundice?

excess bilirubin in blood

Symptom of jaundice

yellowing of skin and eyes

4 causes of jaundice

liver damage; bile duct blockage; premature birth/breakdown of fetal hemoglobin; sickle-cell anemia

Jaundice happens a lot in babies (esp premies) because they have ___ and if ____, get jaundice

diff hemoglobin; not broken down right

Many more ____ in blood than ____

RBCs; WBCs

UV light is used in treatment of infants because UV ____ in blood vessels in skin into water soluble ____ & it's not toxic.

converts bilirubin; lumirubin

In infants, mild exposure to jaundice cause ____ and ____. Chronic bilirubin deposition in an infant brain causes ____, ____ and ____.

lethargy; poor feeding; hearing loss; cerebral palsy; mental retardation

What is the network/mesh-like structure that helps w/ clotting and what is formed from?

fibrin; fibrinogen

In non-mammalian vertebrates, platelets are cells called ____

thrombocytes

In mammalian vertebrates, platelets are ____

parts of cells

Megakaryocytes are giant cells w/ ____. The edges of megakaryocyte ____ to form ____ called ____.

multiple copies of DNA in nucleus; break off; cell fragments; platelets

Megakaryocytes develop large ____ for ____, prior to ____.

rough ER; enzyme synthesis; platelet building

thrombopoiesis is the ____

process of making platelets

Homocytoblast (stem cells) -> ____ -> ____ -> ____

megakaryoblast; megakaryocyte; platelets

How long is the lifespan of a platelet?

9-12 days

Platelets have to be ____ before clotting

activated

Clotting of blood is called ____

hemostasis

Overall hemostasis is ____ feedback but there are ____ feedback loops within.

negative; positive

Blood vessel injury leads to ____ lead to ____ leads to ____

positive feedback loops; blood clot formation; vessel repair

What is the opposite of hemostasis?

hemorrhaging