BIO I Q4 EXAM

Asexual reproduction\______ involve the fusion of gametes.

does not

The heart is an example of a \____ made up or different types of tissues.

Organ

cells are specialized to perform \_____ functions.

different

\______ cells make up most of an organisms body tissues and organs.

somatic

differences in the final stages of gametogenisis are based upon the \________ of the parent organism.

gender

Mendel used \_____ plants in his genetic studies because they reproduce quickly.

pea

allele pairs separate independently of each other during \__________.

Meiosis

genetic variation is \____ advantage of sexual reproduction that is produced within a species.

major

the \__________were a century of great advances in science and intellectual thought.

1700s

French zoologist georges cuvier theorized powerful natural disasters caused species to \______________.

become extinct

The two types of Galapagos \_____ studied by Darwin were saddle-backed and domed types.

tortoises

for many organisms,having many offspring \_________ the chance of species survival.

increases

successful individuals within a population are \______ likely to survive and produce more offspring.

more

In nature, species populations change and evolve in response to the \__________.

environment

once isolated, \_________ and genetic drift can lead to species.

mutation

in \__________, the survival of a species is dependent on the survival of another species.

coevolution

different traits become \_________ in natural selection as the environment changes.

adventageous

\______ are the simplest forms of plants.

algae

dispersing seeds and \____ are the two functions of animals and insects in assisting plants in reproduction.

pollination

flowering plants that do not produce woody stems are called \________.

herbaceous

plants often possess chemical compounds that have \________ properties.

medicinal

\________ can grow in very harsh environments that other plants are unable to grow in.

Mosses

\________ are groups of cells working together to perform a similar function.

Tissues

\______ are formed by organs grouped together with other organs to carry out necessary functions.

organ system

For each somatic cell, each species has a characteristic number of \_____________.

chromosomes

at the end of meiosis II, four\_______ cells are produced.

haploid

The name given to mendel's second law of genetics is the "Law of \____________ assortment."

Independent

\_____________ is a central theme in all fields of biology.

evolution

\__________ published a book on evolution called the "On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection.

Darwin

Fossil evidence & \_______________ processes supported darwin's belief that the earth was older than 6,000 years.

geological

genetic variation in populations results in more species' members being able to survive a changing \____________.

environment

the two main processes of genetic\_________ are the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.

drift

the two types of sexual\____________ are intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.

selection

reproductive\________ results in a species population losing the ability to successfully mate or produce offspring.

isolation

evolution is the mechanism by which a species response to \________changes.

environmental

sexual\____ increases mating success within a species.

selection

\______ provided humans with a reliable food source that supported rapidly growing populations.

agriculture

Plants have a \____________ system that allows them to grow taller while still getting water & nutrients.

vascular

The scientific definition of a fruit is that it is the mature \_________ of a flower.

ovary

The process by which plants produce their own food is called\_______________.

photosynthesis

Somatic Cells

cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes

Gamete

sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell

Fertilization

fusion of an egg and sperm cell

Genetics

study of the heredity patterns and variation of organisms

What are the two major groups of cells that make up organisms?

somatic and germ clls

For each somatic cell, what does each species have a characteristic number of?

chromosomes

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23

Which type of cells make up most of an organism's body tissues and organs?

somatic cells

Which two types of gametes make up the germ cells of an organism?

egg and sperm

What two characteristics do homologous chromosomes have in common?

length & general apperance

What letters are given to the 23rd sex chromosome in the human genome?

X & Y

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of what?

gametes(sperm & egg)

Which type of body cells are diploid?

somatic

Which type of body cells are haploid?

gametes

What happens to the nucleus during the process of meiosis?

divides & makes four haploid cells

In meiosis, how many phases are there to each round of cell division?

4

Which type of chromosome are divided in meiosis I?

homologous chromosome

Which type of chromosome are divided in meiosis II?

sister chromatid

What type and number of cells are produced in meiosis I?

two cells with 23 duplicated chromosomes

Is DNA duplicated during meiosis I?

NO

What type of cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

4 haploid cells

Differences in the final stages of gametogenesis are based upon what?

gender of the parent

Which type of cell contains the DNA of the male gamete?

sperm cell

Which cell organelle provides sperm cells with the energy needed for the cell's survival and movement?

mitochondria

Which type of cell contains the DNA of the female gamete?

egg cell

For mammals, when does egg formation begin inside the female body?

before birth inside the embryo

What term is given to distinguish characteristics that are inherited?

traits

Who is given credit for establishing the study of genetics as a modern science?

Gregor Mendel

What was Mendel's profession?

austrian monk

What type of plants did Mendel use in his genetic studies?

pea plants

Why use pea plants?

reproduced quickly & easily controlled

How was Mendel able to control pollination of pea plants to control genetic outcomes?

removing male parts

Seven characteristics of pea plants that Mendel monitored?

Pea shape & color, Pod shape & color, plant height, flower color, & flower position

What did Mendel discover about traits that were not shown or expressed in offspring?

inherited as discrete units

What type of mathematics did Mendel use to evaluate genetic crosses in pea plants?

ratios

What is another name for Mendel's first law?

Law of Segregation

Gene

specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Allele

any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome

Genotype

collection of all of an organisms within a single species or among different species

Phenotype

collection of all of an organism's physical characteristics

Dominant

allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism's genotype

Recessive

allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organism's genotype

Probability

likelihood that a particular event will happen

What term is given to the specific location of genes on a chromosome?

locus

What are alternative forms of a gene called?

allele

How many alleles do cells have for each gene?

2

Which type of allele is expressed when 2 different alleles or 2 dominant alleles are present on a chromosome?

dominant

Which type of allele is expressed when 2 copies of a recessive allele are present on a chromosome?

recessive

What is commonly done by scientists while studying genetics?

focusing on a single trait

Besides genotype, what also interacts with genes and affects their expression?

phenotype

What was the profession of R.C, Punnett?

poultry geneticist

What type of system did Punnett develop for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a genetic cross?

punnett square

By counting the number of squares in a genetic combination, what can be figured concerning genotypes?

ratio

What process restores the diploid number in offspring?

fertilization

List the three types of monohybrid crosses?

homoXhomo; heterXheter; heterXhomo

What type of phenotype must an organism have in order for a testcross to be necessary?

recessive

What was the phenotypic ration that Gregor Mendel consistently obtained in the second generation of breeding?

9:3:3:1

What name is given to Medndel's second law of genetics?

law of independent assortment

According to the law of independent assortment, how do allele pairs separate during meiosis?

independently