Studied by 0 peopleAsexual reproduction______ involve the fusion of gametes.
does not
The heart is an example of a ____ made up or different types of tissues.
Organ
cells are specialized to perform _____ functions.
different
______ cells make up most of an organisms body tissues and organs.
somatic
differences in the final stages of gametogenisis are based upon the ________ of the parent organism.
gender
Mendel used _____ plants in his genetic studies because they reproduce quickly.
pea
allele pairs separate independently of each other during __________.
Meiosis
genetic variation is ____ advantage of sexual reproduction that is produced within a species.
major
the __________were a century of great advances in science and intellectual thought.
1700s
French zoologist georges cuvier theorized powerful natural disasters caused species to ______________.
become extinct
The two types of Galapagos _____ studied by Darwin were saddle-backed and domed types.
tortoises
for many organisms,having many offspring _________ the chance of species survival.
increases
successful individuals within a population are ______ likely to survive and produce more offspring.
more
In nature, species populations change and evolve in response to the __________.
environment
once isolated, _________ and genetic drift can lead to species.
mutation
in __________, the survival of a species is dependent on the survival of another species.
coevolution
different traits become _________ in natural selection as the environment changes.
adventageous
______ are the simplest forms of plants.
algae
dispersing seeds and ____ are the two functions of animals and insects in assisting plants in reproduction.
pollination
flowering plants that do not produce woody stems are called ________.
herbaceous
plants often possess chemical compounds that have ________ properties.
medicinal
________ can grow in very harsh environments that other plants are unable to grow in.
Mosses
________ are groups of cells working together to perform a similar function.
Tissues
______ are formed by organs grouped together with other organs to carry out necessary functions.
organ system
For each somatic cell, each species has a characteristic number of _____________.
chromosomes
at the end of meiosis II, four_______ cells are produced.
haploid
The name given to mendel's second law of genetics is the "Law of ____________ assortment."
Independent
_____________ is a central theme in all fields of biology.
evolution
__________ published a book on evolution called the "On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection.
Darwin
Fossil evidence & _______________ processes supported darwin's belief that the earth was older than 6,000 years.
geological
genetic variation in populations results in more species' members being able to survive a changing ____________.
environment
the two main processes of genetic_________ are the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
drift
the two types of sexual____________ are intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.
selection
reproductive________ results in a species population losing the ability to successfully mate or produce offspring.
isolation
evolution is the mechanism by which a species response to ________changes.
environmental
sexual____ increases mating success within a species.
selection
______ provided humans with a reliable food source that supported rapidly growing populations.
agriculture
Plants have a ____________ system that allows them to grow taller while still getting water & nutrients.
vascular
The scientific definition of a fruit is that it is the mature _________ of a flower.
ovary
The process by which plants produce their own food is called_______________.
photosynthesis
Somatic Cells
cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes
Gamete
sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell
Fertilization
fusion of an egg and sperm cell
Genetics
study of the heredity patterns and variation of organisms
What are the two major groups of cells that make up organisms?
somatic and germ clls
For each somatic cell, what does each species have a characteristic number of?
chromosomes
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
Which type of cells make up most of an organism's body tissues and organs?
somatic cells
Which two types of gametes make up the germ cells of an organism?
egg and sperm
What two characteristics do homologous chromosomes have in common?
length & general apperance
What letters are given to the 23rd sex chromosome in the human genome?
X & Y
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of what?
gametes(sperm & egg)
Which type of body cells are diploid?
somatic
Which type of body cells are haploid?
gametes
What happens to the nucleus during the process of meiosis?
divides & makes four haploid cells
In meiosis, how many phases are there to each round of cell division?
4
Which type of chromosome are divided in meiosis I?
homologous chromosome
Which type of chromosome are divided in meiosis II?
sister chromatid
What type and number of cells are produced in meiosis I?
two cells with 23 duplicated chromosomes
Is DNA duplicated during meiosis I?
NO
What type of cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?
4 haploid cells
Differences in the final stages of gametogenesis are based upon what?
gender of the parent
Which type of cell contains the DNA of the male gamete?
sperm cell
Which cell organelle provides sperm cells with the energy needed for the cell's survival and movement?
mitochondria
Which type of cell contains the DNA of the female gamete?
egg cell
For mammals, when does egg formation begin inside the female body?
before birth inside the embryo
What term is given to distinguish characteristics that are inherited?
traits
Who is given credit for establishing the study of genetics as a modern science?
Gregor Mendel
What was Mendel's profession?
austrian monk
What type of plants did Mendel use in his genetic studies?
pea plants
Why use pea plants?
reproduced quickly & easily controlled
How was Mendel able to control pollination of pea plants to control genetic outcomes?
removing male parts
Seven characteristics of pea plants that Mendel monitored?
Pea shape & color, Pod shape & color, plant height, flower color, & flower position
What did Mendel discover about traits that were not shown or expressed in offspring?
inherited as discrete units
What type of mathematics did Mendel use to evaluate genetic crosses in pea plants?
ratios
What is another name for Mendel's first law?
Law of Segregation
Gene
specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Allele
any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome
Genotype
collection of all of an organisms within a single species or among different species
Phenotype
collection of all of an organism's physical characteristics
Dominant
allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism's genotype
Recessive
allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organism's genotype
Probability
likelihood that a particular event will happen
What term is given to the specific location of genes on a chromosome?
locus
What are alternative forms of a gene called?
allele
How many alleles do cells have for each gene?
2
Which type of allele is expressed when 2 different alleles or 2 dominant alleles are present on a chromosome?
dominant
Which type of allele is expressed when 2 copies of a recessive allele are present on a chromosome?
recessive
What is commonly done by scientists while studying genetics?
focusing on a single trait
Besides genotype, what also interacts with genes and affects their expression?
phenotype
What was the profession of R.C, Punnett?
poultry geneticist
What type of system did Punnett develop for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a genetic cross?
punnett square
By counting the number of squares in a genetic combination, what can be figured concerning genotypes?
ratio
What process restores the diploid number in offspring?
fertilization
List the three types of monohybrid crosses?
homoXhomo; heterXheter; heterXhomo
What type of phenotype must an organism have in order for a testcross to be necessary?
recessive
What was the phenotypic ration that Gregor Mendel consistently obtained in the second generation of breeding?
9:3:3:1
What name is given to Medndel's second law of genetics?
law of independent assortment
According to the law of independent assortment, how do allele pairs separate during meiosis?
independently
Note
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