A&P exam 2

epicondyle surface marking

attachment points bove condyle for ligaments and tendons

angular extension movement

increasing angle between bones

muscle tone

muscles are always in state of mild contraction stabilizes joints

angular movement

changing the angle between bones

gliding movement

simplest form of movement

angular flexion movement

decreasing angle between two bones

menisci

wedges of fibrocartilage between bones provides cushioning in weight-bearing areas

tendon

band of CT binding bone to muscle

ligament

band of CT binding bone to bone

synovial joint (components)

joint cavity more movement hyaline cartilage articular capsule synovial fluid ligaments

synchondrosis joint

cartilage that exists between ribs hyaline cartilage cartilaginous joint

cartilaginous joint

cartilage no joint cavity

gomphosis joint

fibrous joint peg and socket joint

syndesmoses joint

fibrous joint amphiarthosis joint bones connected by ligament

suture joint

type of fibrous joint lines in skull

fibrous joint

fibrous CT no joint cavity probably a synarthrosis joint

synarthrosis joint

joint with no movement skull bones

joint definition

point of contact between bones or between bones and cartilage

angular adduction movement

moving bone towards midline

endochonral ossification

• begins with a hyaline cartilage template close to shape of bone - blood vessels accumulate in center

• -osteoblasts form bone collar around outer diaphysis - bone collar moves deeper and secretes matrix (center of ossification) - same process as intramembranous (spreads to each epiphysis) - blood vessels arrive at epiphysis (secondary center of ossification) - ends of bone and epiphysial plates remain hyaline cartilage

angular abduction movement

moving bone away from midline

angular circumduction movement

distal end of bone moves in circle around stationary proximal end

angular hyperextension movement

overextension from anatomical boundaries

spine surface marking

sharp extension for attachment of ligaments and tendons

os coxae components

illium pubis ischium

fissure surface marking

space between two parts of the same bone for blood vessels and nerves

pelvic girdle function

attaches lower extremities to appendicular skeleton forms pelvis from 2 os coxae and sacrum

joint bursitis

inflammation of bursae due to trauma

joint dislocation

displacement of bones at joint damages connective mechanisms

joint sprain

forceful twisting of joint damages attachment points

ball-and-socket synovial joint

head and socket triaxial

saddle synovial joint

two saddles laying on top of one another diaxial

condyloid synovial joint

condyle and cavity diaxial

pivot synovial joint

rounded portion bound to ring of another joint uniaxial

hinge synovial joint

concave and coven bones uniaxial capable of only flexion and extension

gliding synovial joint

planar joint bones move on no axis

opposition movement

special movement touching thumbs to other digits

pectoral girdle function

attaches upper extremities to axial skeleton includes clavicle and scapula

rotational movement

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

medial rotation

rotating a bone towards the middle

special movements

occur only at specific joints

lateral rotation

rotating a bone towards the outside

inversion

special movement sole of foot turns toward ankle

eversion

special movement sole of foot turns outward

depression

special movement lowering mandible or shoulders

pronation

special movement elbows bent

elevation

special movement lifting shoulders

supination

special movement elbows bent

retraction

special movement mandible or clavicle pull back

protraction

special movement mandible or clavicle push forward

Line surface marking

narrow

crest surface marking

deep ridge for attachment of ligaments and tendons

trochanter surface marking

bumps on femur for attachment of ligaments and tendons

diarthrosis joint

freely moveable joint

tuberosity surface marking

larger rounded area for attachment of ligaments and tendons

fetal fontanels

soft spots in between incomplete skull bones at birth

articular capsule (components)

fibrocapsule extension of periosteum of bones dense irregular CT synovial membrane areolar CT lines cavity secretes synovial fluid

amphiartrosis joint

slightly moveable joint

bursae

articular capsule that cushions and reduces friction

gouty arthritis

accumulation of sodium urate salts in soft tissue of joint

tendon sheath

wrapping of articular capsule around tendon reduces friction

rheumatoid arthritis

bilateral autoimmune disease attacks synovial membranes

osteoarthritis

unilateral wear and tear accumulates over time

joint tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheath due to overuse

tubercle surface marking

small rounded area for attachment of ligaments and tendons

facet surface marking

smooth

head surface marking

large articulated portion atop of a constricted portion (neck)

condyle surface marking

rounded extension used for articulation

fossa surface marking

large depression that only houses muscle

groove surface marking

depression that houses various components aka sulcus

paranasal sinus function (3)

lighten skull warm and humidify air for lung use gives voice its tonal quality through sound resonation

sinus surface marking

air-filled space

meatus surface marking

tunnel-like tube nothing passes through

arthritis

inflammation of joint

foramen surface marking

hole for various components such as blood vessels

intramembranous ossification

• fibrous sheets to bone - mesenthyme tissue accumulates osteoblasts (center of ossification) - osteoblasts secret matrix - osteoblasts die when matrix hardens around them - spaces filled with blood vessels - mesenchymal cells become periosteum - forms spongy bone which may be remodeled to compact bone

hydroxyapatites

• mineral salt - majority of bone mass

caniculi

• connects lacunae - side streets

osteocyte

• cell in compact bone CT

lacunae

house for cell

volkman's canals

connect rings to central canal - perforated canal

haversion canal

• large opening - holds blood vessels and nerves

lamellae

• each concentric ring - made of bone matrix

osteon

functional unti of compact bone - full ring

irregular bone

does not fit into any category

flat bone

• relatively flat and thin - compact outside - spongy inside

sesamoid bone

bone forms w/in tendon (patella)

short bone

wider than long

spongy bone CT

• plates of bone (trabeculae) - red marrow in cavities - produces all blood cells

compact bone CT

• arranged in haversion system - rings of bone surrounding a canal

osteogenic layer of long bone membrane

• inner layer - osteoblasts (build up) - osteoclasts (consume)

fibrous layer of membrane in long bone

outer layer of dense irregular CT

membranes of long bone

• periostea - covers outside of bone - fibrous and osteogenic layer

epiphysial line/plate

-border of diaphysis and epiphysis - plate = before puberty - line = plate shrinks during puberty

epiphysis of long bone

• end of long bone - spongy bone with layer of compact bone surrounding - hyaline cartilage lines ends

diaphysis of long bone

-shaft of compact bone - hollow cavity (marrow cavity) - sheds weight - stores yellow marrow (adipose tissue)

long bones

• longer than wide - all bones of limbs

appendicular skeleton

• everything else that attaches to axial skeleton - locomotion

axial skeleton

• axel of body - skull

interstitial cartilage growth

• chondrocytes internally divide and secrete matrix