Health Promotion in Pregnancy, Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool Children

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Individual needs to develop a sense of trust and personal worth

How many stages are there to Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development?

8 Stages

Each stage of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development require what?

A resolution of conflict between two opposing forces

Each stage of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development depend on what?

Preceding stages; must be successfully accomplished to proceed

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: Infant-18 Months

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 18months-3 Years

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 3-5 Years

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 5-13 Years

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 13-21 Years

Identity vs. Confusion

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 21-39 Years

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 40-65 Years

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development: 65+ Years

Integrity vs. Despair

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Helps us understand the cognitive development of children

Schemes

Used to assimilate (take in) or accomodate (modify) new experiences

True or False: Individuals strive to maintain balance between assimilation and accomodation

True

What “scheme” is 0-2 year olds in in Piaget’s Theory?

Sensorimotor

What “scheme” is 2-7 year olds in in Piaget’s Theory?

Preoperational

What “scheme” is 7-11 year olds in in Piaget’s Theory?

Concrete Operational

What “scheme” is 11-15 year olds in in Piaget’s Theory?

Formal Operational

Piaget’s Theory: Sensorimotor (0-2yr)

Begins with reflex movements that change to voluntary. Infant physically manipulates body and objects. Infant contructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physic

Piaget’s Theory: Preoperational (2-7yr)

Egocentric, magical thinking. Thought is dominated by the senses. No cause and effect. Advancing language.

Piaget’s Theory: Concrete Operational (7-11yr)

Uses logic to solve concrete problems. Knows cause/effect. Considers other point of views

Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational (11-15yr)

True logical thought. Abstract thinking. Morality established. The adolescent reasons in more abstract idealistic and logical ways.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Focuses on stages of moral development during school-age, adolescent, and young adult years

What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s moral development?

Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-Conventional

Kohlberg’s Stages of moral development is based on what theory?

Piaget’s Theory

What does Kohlberg’s Stages of moral development emphasize?

An ethic of justice and human rights

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Pre-conventional (School-age)

Avoiding punishment; gaining reward

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Conventional (School Age & Adolescent)

Gaining approval; avoiding disapproval

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development: Post-conventional (Adolescent & Young Adult)

Agreeing upon rights; Establishing personal moral standards; Achieving justice

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development: Pre-moral

1. Obedience and Punishment

2. Individualsim and Exchange

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development: Conventional

1. Good interpersonal relationships

2. Maintaining Social Order

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development: Post-Conventional

1. Social Contract and Individual rights

2. Universal Principles

The placenta develops through integration of what during pregnancy?

Embryonic and Uterine Cells

Chronic Villi

Allows maternal fetal blood exchange to nourish fetus during pregancy

True or False: Chronic villi have selective exchange of nutrients without mixing maternal-fetal blood?

True

True or False: Drugs never cross into the placenta?

False

Decreased placental function stimulates what in pregnancy?

Labor

If someone’s pregnancy lasts >42 weeks what happens?

Placental function decreases; major concern

Full pregnancy term?

9 Solar months, 40 weeks

What 4 goals did the CDC put out for women to follow before becoming pregnant?

-Improve knowledge/behavior related to preconception health

-Assure all childbearing women receive preconception health

-Reduce risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes through inter-conception interventions

-Reduce disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes

Healthy/Natural Pregnancy State

Active participant in social circle; choose provider with similar view; May affect when mother seeks prenantal care

Illness Pregnancy State

Withdraw from work/social obligations; make unhealthy pregnancy choices, deny pregnancy

A pregnant woman’s caloric needs increase by how many calories?

300 Calories

The best nutritional teaching for pregnancy occurs when?

Before pregnancy

How many glasses of water sohuld a woman drink during pregnancy?

8-10 Cups

How many grams of protein should a woman take in during pregnancy?

70g of protein

How many mg of Iron should a woman take in during pregnancy?

27mg

Lower sodium intake during pregnancy affects what?

Reduces plasma volume and cardiac output

How many servings of fruits and vegetables should a pregnant women take daily?

7 or more servings (3 servings of fruit, 4 of veggies)

How many servings of whole grains or enriched breads should a pregnant women take daily?

6 to 9

How many servings of Dairy products should a pregnant women take daily?

3-4

How many servings of bean and meat should a pregnant women take daily?

3 servings

How much weight does a pregnant women with a normal BMI gain during pregnancy?

25-35lb

How much weight does a pregnant women with a underweight BMI gain during pregnancy?

28-40lb

How much weight does a pregnant women with a overweight BMI gain during pregnancy?

15-25lb

How much weight does a pregnant women with a obese BMI gain during pregnancy?

11-20lb

A woman’s basal metabolic rate increases by how much at the end of pregnancy?

15 to 20%

During pregnancy, a mother uses what as fuel?

Fat

During pregnancy, a fetus uses what as fuel?

Glucose

A fetus’ elimination pattern is through what organ?

Placenta

True or False: UTIs are associated with preterm labor?

True

How many minutes of exercise a day does a pregnant woman need?

30 minutes

Exercise improves what during pregnancy?

Uterine town, lowers risk of diabetes

What are the 4 cyclical states of activity for a fetus?

Complete wakefulness, drowsy wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep, quiet sleep

At 25 weeks, a fetus is able to respond to what?

Sudden Noise

Ensuring Safe Passage

Decides prenatal care options; more protective of self/fetus

Ensuring acceptance of the child

Receptivity of partner, others

Binding into her unknown child

Comples; integrate fetus as part of self but also as separate being

Learning to give of herself

Examines meaning of giving, gifts for herself/baby

Without a partner during pregnancy, a woman may experience what?

Isolation, dependent on family

When is anxiety the greatest in pregnancy?

First and third trimesters

Anxiety may decrease what to the uterus/fetus?

Blood Flow

RH incompatibility

Mother and fetus’ blood do not match and mother’s antibodies start attacking fetus’ blood

Trauma to abdomen during pregnancy may cause what?

Maternal bleeding, preterm labor, injury to fetus

Radiation has what effects to the fetus during pregnancy?

Chromosomal changes, spontaneous abortion, mental retardation, microcephaly, fetal loss, malignancy

Levels of Culture during pregnancy: Primary

Rules known and obeyed by all

Levels of Culture during pregnancy: Secondary

Rules not relayed to outsiders (taboos, rituals)

Levels of Culture during pregnancy: Tertiary

Visible to outsider (dress, foods, religion)

Recommendation for breastfeeding?

At least 6 months, ideally through first 12 months with appropriate weaning foods

Benefits of breastfeeding for mother and infant?

Protection against infections, Nutritent composition, Convenient/less expensive; promotes mother-infant bonding

How does a mother increase her breast milk production?

Breastfeed for longer periods and more often

How many kcals are needed to produce breast milk each day?

500 to 800 kcal

How much fluid is lost in milk production?

750 to 1000mL

What is the minnimal Kcal intake/day for a woman who is breastfeeding?

1800kcal/day

What is the max amount of lbs a woman should lose per week when breastfeeding?

lose 1lb/week maximum

At 1 month, an infants landmark should be?

Lifting head when prone

At 2 month, an infants landmark should be?

Has social smile

At 5 month, an infants landmark should be?

Rolls from back to front

At 6-7 month, an infants landmark should be?

Sits alone, leaning on hands

At 7-9 month, an infants landmark should be?

Crawls

At 8-9 month, an infants landmark should be?

Use pincer grasp to feed self

At 10 month, an infants landmark should be?

Pulls self to standing position

At 11-12 month, an infants landmark should be?

Initiates vocalization

At 12-15 month, an infants landmark should be?

Walks

True or false: Breast feed on a schedule rather than on demand?

False

When should whole milk be introduced to an infant?

After age 1

Why shouldn’t one use whole milk instead of formula?

Protein and sodium levels are too high, may cause dehydration

How does an infant recieve water?

Through breast milk

How many grams of protein should an infant recieve per day in their first 6 months?

9g/day