Cellular Respiration and ATP

What is a linear metabolic pathway?

A pathway with a start and end point (ex: glycolysis)

What is a cyclical metabolic pathway?

A pathway that regenerates its starting molecule (ex: Krebs, Calvin)

Give an example of a cyclical pathway.

Krebs cycle or Calvin cycle

What is ATP?

The main energy carrier in cells

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What happens during ATP hydrolysis?

ATP → ADP + energy

Is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic?

Exergonic

What is phosphorylation?

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule

What is oxidation?

Loss of electrons or hydrogen

What is reduction?

Gain of electrons or hydrogen

What is NAD⁺?

Oxidized electron carrier

What is NADH?

Reduced form carrying electrons

Which is oxidized: NAD⁺ or NADH?

NAD⁺

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What enters glycolysis?

Glucose

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Does not require oxygen

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

ATP made directly from a substrate

Where does the link reaction occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What is pyruvate converted into?

Acetyl-CoA

What gas is released in the link reaction?

CO₂

What enters the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

What are the main products of Krebs?

CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, ATP

Where is the electron transport chain located?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What creates the proton gradient?

Flow of electrons along the ETC

What is chemiosmosis?

ATP production using proton flow through ATP synthase

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

What is formed when oxygen accepts electrons?

Water

What is the goal of fermentation?

Regenerate NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue

What is produced in lactic acid fermentation?

Lactate and NAD⁺

What is produced in alcohol fermentation?

Ethanol, CO₂, and NAD⁺

Which organisms use alcohol fermentation?

Yeast

Which produces more ATP?

Aerobic respiration

Advantage of anaerobic respiration?

Fast and no oxygen required

Disadvantage of anaerobic respiration?

Low ATP yield and waste buildup