Ankle and Foot

rearfoot

talus

calcaneus

subtalar joint

midfoot

navicular

cuboid

cuneiforms

transverse tarsal joint

forefoot

metatarsals

phalanges

provides balance and accomodation to ground

rearfoot; midfoot

the ____ and ______ allow force transfer and shock absorption to occur

forces; rigid

the foot and ankle needs to be pliable to absorb impact _____ and configure to the ground but ALSO needs to be ____ to transfer large propulsive forces

fibula

long thin bone

head is proximal for HS insertion

styloid is distal to form lateral malleolus and attachment for ligaments

transfers 10% of body weight (not much)

tibia

greater contact to transfer loads to ankle (main WBing bone)

forms medial malleolus

talus

convex surface on concave tibia/fibula

ATFL

what is the most common ligament to sprain?

navicular

articulates with talus and 3 cuneiforms

cuboid

articulates with calcaneus and tarsal #4 and #5

talocrural, subtalar, and transverse tarsal

what are the big three joints in the ankle?

DF/PF

occurs about the ML axis in the sagittal plane

inversion/eversion

occurs about the AP axis in the frontal plane

abd/add

occurs about the vertical axis in the transverse plane

pronation/supination

occurs about the oblique axis

arch

if someone has hypomobility in the ankle they will have poor ____ mechanics

tibfib

what joint moves with ankle DF and PF proximally and distally?

high ankle sprain injury

ATFL, PTFL, CF, and syndesmosis (sometimes dislocates)

deltoid ligament

medial collateral ligament

sprained with an eversion injury (not as common)

ATF and CF ligaments

lateral collateral ligaments

sprained with inversion injury (very common)

90 degrees

what is the neutral position for the talocrural joint?

15-25 degrees

what is normal for ankle DF?

40-55 degrees

what is normal for ankle PF?

10 degrees PF

what is the OPP for the TC joint?

full DF

what is the CPP for the TC joint?

60

we need ____ degrees of great toe extension for normal ambulation

medial

lack of great toe extension affect the _____ arch

slacked; tensioned

when DF, the anterior capsule is _____ and the posterior capsule is _____

tensioned; slacked

when PF, the anterior capsule is ____ and the posterior capsule is ____

posteriorly

to increase DF we glide ______

anteriorly

to increase PF we glide _____

40-60%

the push off (propulsion) phase is between ____ to ____ percent of the gait cycle

OPP

with heel strike the ankle is near _____

- best for shock absorption

CPP

with heel off the ankle is near _____

- rigid lever for push off

narrow

when the ankle is PF there is a relatively ____ width that the tib/fib is in contact with the talus

large; ER

when the ankle is DF there is a ____ width that the tib/fib is in contact with the talus

when this occurs the fibula has to rotate and translate slightly in an _____ direction

3

the subtalar joint has _____ articular facets between the talus and calcaneus

planar

the subtalar joints are mainly _____

concave/convex

the talonavicular joints are planar but more ____/_____

health

lack of motion in the subtalar joint and talonavicular joint plays a role in the ____ of our arches

talocrural

responsible for PF/DF

subtalar

responsible for inversion/eversion

transverse tarsal

responsible for pronation/supination

pronation

eversion and abduction

supination

inversion and adduction

endfeel; mobilizations

in WBing, the subtalar joint has horizontal plane rotation. this can be tested/treated with ____ and ____

transverse tarsal joint

talonavicular and calcaneocuboid

primarily pronation and supination of the foot

complements DF/PF of TC joint

navicular and cuboid

what two bones are underdiagnosed with a role in:

- plantar fasciitis

- flat foot syndrome

- repeated ankle sprains

talonavicular joint

medial compartment of transverse tarsal

resembles ball and socket "twist"

calcaneocuboid joint

lateral compartment of transverse tarsal

concave/convex

subtalar

transverse tarsal joint motions are coupled with _____ joint and midfoot and forefoot and phalanges

medial arch

load bearing/shock absorption of instep

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and 2 metatarsals form this arch

arch supported by muscle and ligaments

plantar fascia: important arch support

talonavicular

which joint is the keystone to the medial arch?

normal arch

body weight is accepted and dissipated primarily through elongation of the plantar fascia

- concave normal arch

dropped arch

an overstretched or weakened plantar fascia may be unable to adequately accept or dissipate body weight

- flat footprint