periodic table grouping and vocab

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atomic number

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atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

<p>the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element</p>
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mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

<p>the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom&apos;s nucleus</p>
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element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

<p>pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom</p>
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atom

the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element

<p>the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element</p>
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luster

ability to reflect light

<p>ability to reflect light</p>
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malleable

able to be hammered into thin sheets

<p>able to be hammered into thin sheets</p>
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reactivity

the ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other substances

<p>the ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other substances</p>
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valence electrons

electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom (determines and elements reactivity)

<p>electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom (determines and elements reactivity)</p>
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physical property

a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

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electron cloud

a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found

<p>a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found</p>
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isotope

one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons

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three groups of the periodic table

non-metals, metals and metalloids

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properties of metals

☆ good conductors of electricity and heat ☆ ductile and malleable ☆ reaction with water is corrosion

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properties of non-metals

☆ poor conductors ☆ not ductile or malleable ☆ brittle and dull ☆ many are gasses

<p>☆ poor conductors ☆ not ductile or malleable ☆ brittle and dull ☆ many are gasses</p>
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properties of metalloids

☆ properties of metal and non-metals ☆ solids that are shiny or dull ☆ conduct heat but not as good as metals ☆ ductile and malleable

<p>☆ properties of metal and non-metals ☆ solids that are shiny or dull ☆ conduct heat but not as good as metals ☆ ductile and malleable</p>
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family

they have similar properties, organized into columns

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period

horizontal rows, don’t have similar properties

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hydrogen

Hydrogen has 2 valence electrons and is a gas at room temperature. It's very reactive and is never found uncombined.

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group 1

☆ alkali metals ☆ 1 valence electron ☆ react with air to form caustic metal oxides ☆ shiny, consistency of clay

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group 2

☆ alkaline earth metals ☆ 2 valence electrons ☆ very reactive, (not as much as group1) ☆ never found uncombined in nature ☆ shiny, soft (but harder than group 1 metals)

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groups 3-12

☆ transition metals ☆ 1 or 2 valence electrons ☆ moderate (ex: Fe) to low reactivity (ex: Au) ☆ good conductors of heat and electricity ☆ compounds are usually brightly colored

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group 13

☆ boron family ☆ 3 valence electrons ☆ moderately reactive ☆ includes a metalloid (boron) and the rest are metals

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group 14

☆ carbon family ☆ 4 valence electrons ☆ unreactive ☆ includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids and metals

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group 15

☆ nitrogen family ☆ 5 valence electrons ☆ tend to share electrons when they bond ☆ moderately reactive

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group 16

☆ oxygen family ☆ 6 valence electrons ☆ moderately reactive (oxygen is very reactive) ☆ most elements in this family share electrons when forming compounds

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group 17

☆ halogen family ☆ 7 valence electrons ☆ react with alkali metals to form salts ☆ strong odors and interesting colors ☆ halogen atoms only need to gain 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level

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group 18

☆ noble gases ☆ 8 valence electrons ☆ extremely unreactive ☆ inactive because their outermost energy level is full, called inert because they aren’t ready to combine with other elements

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stable isotopes

they stay the same over time

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unstable isotopes

will eventually decay into a different nucleus

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when a nucleus emits a particle and changes identity, that process is called

radioactive decay

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Isotopes that are unstable and undergo radioactive decay are called

radioactive isotopes

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1:1

the most stable neutron to proton ratio

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elements with a large number of protons are most stable when their neutron to proton ratio is ____. The more protons an element has, the ____ this ratio needs to be for the nucleus to be stable.

higher, higher

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types of decay

alpha, beta - , and beta +

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β− decay

too many neutrons compared with protons

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β+ decay

too many protons compared with neutrons

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positron

charge of +1, no mass, when they collide with an electron, both this particle and the electron get annihilated

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α-decay

when the nucleus is too big overall, it can become more stable by losing both protons and neutrons

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alpha particle

has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, same as the nucleus of a helium-4 atom

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fission

splitting a nucleus into smaller parts, ex: power plants

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fusion

combining nuclei to make something bigger, ex: stars

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How many valence electrons does fluorine (F) have?

7

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How many valence electrons does aluminium (Al) have?

3

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How many energy levels does phosphorus (P) have?

3

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Iron-50 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons.

26, 24

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A calcium ion has a charge of +2 and a mass of 40. How many electrons does it have?

18

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An oxygen ion has a charge of -2 and a mass of 17. How many protons does it have?

8

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Strontium (Sr) shares common properties with what other element?

Barium (Ba)

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All of the following are properties of metals EXCEPT a. brittle b. conducts elecricity well c. malleable d. lustrous

brittle

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An isotope will undergo beta minus (electron) decay when

Its neutron to proton ratio is too high to be stable

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A positron decay occurs, and the daughter isotope is Manganese-55. What was the parent isotope?

Iron-55

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What particle is emitted when Barium-140 decays to Lanthanum-140?

electron

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What particle is emitted when Potassium-38 decays to Argon-38?

positron

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