Biology Quarter 1 Exam

good luck lol, works best with multiple choice not written

The Scientific Method was created by…

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1926)

The Scientific Method

A process or steps taken to produce correct and trustworthy results to answer a specific question.

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observation

2. Research

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Analyze Results

6. Share

7. Repeat

Observation

All that can be observed with the 5 senses

Research

Using reliable sources to learn background information

Reliable Sources

Scientific journals, online sources that are vetted and trusted

Unreliable Sources

Blogs, out-of-date textbooks

Hypothesis

What you think will occur, “If then BECAUSE…”

Experiment

• Qualitative and Quantitative Data

• Independent and Dependent Variables

• Experimental Group and Control Group

Qualitative Data

Data that relies on descriptions

Quantitative Data

Data that relies on numbers

Independent Variable

The thing you change

Dependent Variable

The thing you measure

Experimental Group

Has one independent variable altered

Control Group

All other variables are compared to this (normal)

Atom

The basic unit of matter

Covalent Bond

One or more electrons are SHARED between atoms

Ionic Bond

One or more electrons are TRANSFERRED from 1 atom to another

Cation

Positive ion, an electron is given away by an element

Anion

Negative ion, an electron is taken in by an elemt

Vanderwaals Forces

A temporary electrostatic attraction can develop between 2 polarized molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Because of their partial positive and negative charges, hydrogen can form WEAK attractions with other elements. However this is NOT AN ACTUAL BOND.

Fluorine, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Elements that can interact with Hydrogen

Water Polarity

A water molecule is polar due to the uneven pull of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen

Cohesion

Same substances binding with each other, water is extremely cohesive.

Adhesion

Molecules of different substances attract to each other

Capillary Action

Water defying gravity by binding with other substances (type of adhesion)

Surface Tension

When the hydrogen bond between water molecules is strong enough to form a thin film and have a specific shape

Peptide Bonds

Chain of Amino Acids

Carbohydrates

Elements: CHO, 1:2:1 ratio
Function: Main source of energy and structural support (cellulose & chitin)

Monomer & General Shape: Monosaccharides are it’s monomer, it’s general structure is a ring/rings

Examples: Sugars, starches, and glucose

Lipid

Elements: CHO
Function: Long term storage of energy, important component of membranes, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol)

Monomer & General Shape: It’s monomers include fatty Acids (tails/chains), glycerol (head), tryglyceride and it’s general structure are chains

Examples: Butter, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Protein

Elements: CHON

Function: Produce enzymes to control reactions, forms muscles and bones, transports substances in and out of cells, and fights diseases

Monomer & General Shape: It’s monomers are amino acids and it’s general structure consists of the Amine Group, Carboxyl Group, and R-Group (Spare Group)
Examples: Enzymes, antibodies, cell membrane proteins, structural - hair/nails, muscle etc.

Nucleic Acids

Elements: CHOPN

Function: Stores and transmits genetic information

Monomer & General Shape: It’s monomers are nucleotides and it’s gneeral structure consists of 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose), the Phosphate Group, and a nitrogenous base
Examples: DNA and RNA

What makes substances organic?

Carbon

Saturated Fats

• Single bonds to allow them to stack which is “bad”

• From animal sources

• Solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

• Double bonds which bends

• Can not stack which is “good”

• Mostly derived from plant sources

• Liquid at room temperature

Dehydration Synthesis

Definition: Monomers are joined together to form polymers

Can be identified in equations if a “+ H20” is put after the polymer

Dehydration - Remove water

Synthesis - Put together

Hydrolysis

Definition: Water acts like a catalyst and breaks the bonds between 2 macromolecules

Hydro - Water

Lysis - Breaks apart

1-6 pH

Acidic, taste sour

7 pH

Neutral, pure water

8-14 pH

Basic, taste bitter

Acids have a larger concentration of…

Hydrogen ions (H+)

Bases have a larger concentration of…

Hydroxide ions (OH-)

The eyepiece lens is located in…

the top portion of the microscope

What magnification does the eyepiece lens usually have?

10x

Longer lenses mean…

higher power

Carry the microscope by placing one hand beneath the ____ and grasping the ___ of the microscope with the other hand

base, arm

Gently place the microscope on a lab table with the arm facing _______ you

towards

The base of the microscope should be resting ______ on the lab table, approximately __ cm away from it’s edge.

evenly, 10

Raise the ____ ____ by turning the ______ adjustment knob first until the ________ lens is _ cm away from the ____

body tube, coarse, scanning, 2, stage

Rotate the _________ so the scanning objective lens is directly in line with the stage opening.

nosepiece

Look through the eyepiece and switch on the ____ so a circle of light can be seen.

lamp

Field of View

The circle of light that can be seen when the lamp is switched on

Move the _________ to let more or less light come through the stage opening.

diaphragm

Place a prepared slide on the stage so the specimen is over the center of the opening. Use _____ _____ to hold it in place.

stage clips

Look at the microscope from the ____.

side

Do not lower the body tube with the coarse adjustment knob while…

looking through the eyepiece!

Use the ____ adjustment knob after focusing the image the best you can with coarse objective.

fine

Why should you keep both eyes open when viewing the specimen?

To prevent eyestrain

To change _____________, rotate the nospiece until the desired objective lens clicks into place.

magnification

After every use…

remove the slide, put the lens back to scanning objective and clean the stage of the microscope and lenses with lense paper.

Why should you not use paper other than lense paper to clean the microscope lense?

Because they may scratch the lenses?

How to create a wet mount

1. Use a clean microscope slide and coverslip

2. Place the specimen in the middle of the microscope slide

3. Use a dropper pipette (eye dropper) to place 1-3 drops. of ater on the specimen depending on it’s size

4. Slowly lower one edge of the coverslip so that it touches a side of the drop of water

5. Remove any excess water with a paper towel

What angle should the coverslip make with the drop of water when creating a wet mount?

45 degree angle

How should you lower the coverslip in a wet mount?

slowly, with a dissecting needle or probe

What should you do if air bubbles are present in a wet mount?

Gently tap the surface of the coverslip over the air bubbles with a pencil eraser

What should you do if the specimen begins to dry out in a wet mount?

Add a drop of water to the edge of the coverslip

Why are wet mound slides necessary?

They make it easier to get a clearer image of our specimen by increasing their translucency, they also make it easier to stain a specimen.

In a wet mound slide, the specimen must be ____ enough for light to pass through it

thin

Parts of the traditional cell theory and the scientists who are credited with them

1. All living things are made of cells, Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

3. New cells are produced from existing cells, Rudoph Virchow (Robert Remak)

Modern additions to the cell theory

1. Energy flow occurs within cells

2. Genetic info (DNA) is passed from one cell to another during cell division

3. All cells have the same basic chemical composition in organisms of similar species

Nucleus

Control center of cell, largest organelle in the cell and contains most of the DNA of the cell, stores DNA

Nuclear DNA

Contain the genetic info for cells to grow, live, perform their functions and reproduce

Nucleolus

Responsible for making ribosomes

Nuclear envelope

Allows substances made in the nucleus to pass into cytoplasm

Centrioles

Help make cytoskeleton

Golgi bodies (complex)

Sort and ship the proteins produced in the ER. Proteins are processed and packaged into new vesicles here.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes are attached to it. A network of membranes found in the cytoplasm where most protein synthesis occurs. A portion of internal membranes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes lipids in the cell, helps to process or detoxify harmful substances found in the cell. Lacks ribosomes, portion of internal membranes

Mitochondrion

Package the energy of food into ATP molecules, provides energy for cells.

Vesicles

“Small vessel,” helps store and transport products produced by the cell

Peroxisome

Collect and safely break down chemicals that are toxic to the cell

Lysosomes

Help break down large molecules into smaller pieces that the cell can use, eliminate waste from cells

Cytoskeleton

Helps shape and support the cell, also helps move things around the cell

Cell membrane

Seperates the inside of the cell from the rest of its environment, made of 2 layers of lipids. AKA the plasma membrane

(Protein) Channel

Made up of certain proteins that help control the movements of food and water into the cell

Cytosol

The water fluid that surrounds all organelles

Ribosomes

Use a form of DNA instructions to make proteins that the cell needs. Also make proteins that may be exported from the cell for work in other parts of the organims.

Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis takes place. Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy.

Chloroplast is mostly found in…

plant cells

Plant cells do not have…

centrioles and lysosomes

Cell wall

Provides protection and support for plants. Unlike cell membranes, materials cannot get through this.

Vacuole

Contains large amounts of water and stores other important materials like sugars, ions, and pigments

Plasmodesmata

Openings used to communicate and transport materials between plant cells because the cell membranes are able to touch and so they can exchange needed materials.

Flagella (Bacterium)

A tail attached to the main body of the cell that can roatet to move the cell forward

Pili (Bacterium)

Long, threadlike strings coming off of the cells surface. Bacteria can use these to bind to other bacteria cells to exchange genetic material.

Capsule (Bacterium)

A thick outer layer that protects the cell

What two protective layers does Bacterium share with plant and animal cells?

Cell Wall - Bacteria cells and plant cells

Cell membrane - Bacteria cells and plant & animal cells

Plasmid (Bacterium)

Little loops of DNA that holds extra genes. Bacteria can exchange these with others to get new genes.

Cell membranes and cell walls are…

cell boundaries