Criminal Justice Semester Review

Embezzlement

taking property you’re entrusted with

burglary

unlawful entry with criminal intent

aggravated assault

weapons used or victim needs medical attention

arson

(attempted) burning of property

fraud

knowingly misinterpreting fact to get something

robbery

forcibly stealing property w/ (threat of) violence

larceny

borrowing with no intent to return

involuntary manslaughter

unintended killing during crime/criminal negligence

1st degree homicide

premeditated murder

2nd degreee homicide

murder in heat of the moment with malice

identity theft

intentional unauthorized use of info for fraud

battery

use of force against another, resulting in harmful, offensive or sexual contact

sexual assault

range of verbal threats to rape

extortion

threat with intent to get property

simple assault

no weapon

functions of law enforcement

enforce law, maintain order, prevent crime, provide services

Drug Enforcement Administration

import and sale of controlled drugs

ATF

bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives

state jurisdiction

highways, state crime labs, anywhere there isn’t already jurisdiction

county jurisdiction

rural areas/small towns, operate jails, serve court orders, maintain courtrooms, headed by sheriff

municipal jurisdiction

general law enforcement, mostly present in large cities

officer requirements

adequate binocular/depth/color vision, good health/physical condition, reading/writing and forced choice tests

FBI jurisdiction

federal level, terrorists, cyber attacks, public corruption, civil rights, organized crime, white collar crime, significant violent crime

tribal jurisdiction

separate sovereign nations, have own police

types of traffic stops

traffic, investigative, felony, selective enforcement

traffic stop procedures

pull over ASAP. notify communications w/ license number, street name, landmark. safety precautions and empty gun hand. request license and registration and tell driver why stopped

levels of force

presence, verbal interaction, empty-hand, less lethal, lethal

1st Amendment

religion, assembly, press, petition, speech

2nd Amendment

right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

no quartering of soldiers

4th Amendment

no unlawful search and seizure

5th Amendment

rights in criminal cases, Miranda Rights

6th Amendment

right to a fair and speedy trial and jury of peers

7th Amendment

rights in civil cases

8th Amendment

no cruel and unusual punishment

9th Amendment

any rights not explicitly stated

10th Amendment

any powers not explicitly given to the federal government is given to the state governments

when an arrest can be made

probable cause with valid warrant or 4th amendment exception

arraignment

pretrial, read charges in front of a judge

defendant must be seen by judge within

48 hours of arrest

bail criteria

crime, records, likelihood of defendant to remain in state and appear in court

prosecutorial review

prosecutors decide what to charge defendant with

judge

presided over trial and decides sentencing

bailiff

officer in court room, maintain order

court clerk

admin assistant to judge

court reporter

records all spoken words

police officers

help prosecutors prepare, often testify as witnesses

jury

12 adults that decide verdict

jury selection

out of whole group of those randomly chosen, 12 picked for voir dire, can be excused for financial/medical reasons

voir dire

process of selecting jurors by questioning

direct evidence

evidence that proves point without interpretation

circumstantial evidence (indirect)

proves point with interpretation, supports direct evidence

physical evidence

something tangible

documentary evidence

records, recordings, journals, etc.

types of defenses

no crime committed, self-defense, defense of property, infancy, intoxication, insanity, entrapment, duress, necessity

classical correction

humans have free will and are responsible for their own actions

positivist correction

humans are products or environmental and cultural influences

punishment: justice

assumes offenders are victims of society that need to be cured

control: custodial

restrain convicted

treatment: medical

assumes offenders are acting of free will

prevention: reintegration

goal to prevent further offenses

probation

allowed to partake in society with restrictions

incarceration

goal to protect society, deter rehab and reintegrate offenders

who does jail hold

those waiting for court or serving shorter sentences

who do prisons hold

those convicted of a crime, sentenced to more than one year

parole

early release from prison to re-enter society with certain conditions

Rated capacity

how many inmates can be held based on expert judgement

operational capacity

how many inmates can be accommodated

design capacity

how many inmates a prison was designed to handle

delinquent children

violate criminal law

undisciplined children

beyond parental control, object authority, need state protection

dependent children

no parent or guardian

neglected children

don’t receive proper care

abused children

take a wild guess

status offense

running away, truancy, vagrancy

serial killer

kills after extensive planning with a cool off period between murders

mass murder

kills a lot of people at once

visionary killers (psychological)

attributes crimes to voices/visions, no targets, feels commanded to kill (psychotic)

mission oriented killers (psychological)

kills to eliminate a specific group of people (usually not psychotic)

hedonistic killers (psychological)

kills for the pleasure/rush that comes with killing (potentially financial elements)

power/control oriented killers (psychological)

kill to have power over their victim

medical killers (FBI)

work in a hospital setting and kill because it feels easy to get away with, usually very intelligent and know how to conceal murders

organized killers (FBI)

spend a lot of time planning, often kidnap/lure away victims to another location before killing them, spend a lot of time making sure body isn’t found unless they want it to

disorganized killers (FBI)

rarely plan out murders, often have low intelligence and are antisocial