Macromolecules AP Biology

electronegativity

electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. This property influences how atoms interact and bond with each other, affecting molecular structure and reactivity. It is measured on a scale, with higher values indicating a stronger attraction for electrons. Elements with high values typically include nonmetals, while metals generally have lower values.

Polar bond

A bond that doesn't equally share electrons

Nonpolar bonds

A bond without a charge

What is a polymer?

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units called monomers, which are covalently bonded. Examples include plastics, DNA, and proteins.

What is a monomer?

a small, simple molecule that can join together with other ______ to form a larger, complex structure known as a polymer. ________ are the building blocks of polymers and can be natural (like amino acids) or synthetic (like styrene).

What is a dehydration reaction?

A chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the loss of a water molecule. This type of reaction is commonly seen in the formation of polymers from monomers, such as in the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

hydrolysis

____ is the process by which a compound is broken down by the reaction with water.

glycosidic linkage

A type of covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which can be another carbohydrate or a different type of molecule. It is formed through a dehydration reaction.

Two saturated fats

Beef and Lamb

Two unsaturated fats

Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid

Why are the “tails” in lipids hydrophobic?

because it is composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms

What is an R group?

Any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.

What are the four macromolecules?

Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates

Which macromolecule doesn't have a monomer?

Lipids

What kind of reaction link monomers?

Dehydration/ Condensation reaction

Examples of carbohydrates

sugars, fibers, and starches

Monomers are attached by ________ in Carbohydrates.

glycosidic linkage

Starch and glycogen do what?

Stockpile energy

Chitin and cellulose do what?

provides support for plants; forms exoskeleton of anthropoids.

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

What type of structure do steriods have?

fused ring structure

Examples of steriods

Estrogen, Testosterone, and cholesterol

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

Amino acids and polypeptides

What are the levels of protein structures?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Primary Structure

unique sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure

found in most proteins, consist of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain.

Tertiary Structure

determined by the interactions among various side chains (R groups) [How the protein folds]

Quaternary Structure

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Denuration

unraveling of a protein or destroying the original shape of a protein [caused by change in temperature and change in pH]

Nucleic Acid’s monomer

nucleotide

Function of DNA and RNA

stores genetic information

Function of protien

structural protein [hair and fur], muscles, chemical control/reactions (with enzymes), antibodies (immune system)