Macromolecules AP Biology

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34 Terms

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electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. This property influences how atoms interact and bond with each other, affecting molecular structure and reactivity. It is measured on a scale, with higher values indicating a stronger attraction for electrons. Elements with high values typically include nonmetals, while metals generally have lower values.

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Polar bond

A bond that doesn't equally share electrons

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Nonpolar bonds

A bond without a charge

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What is a polymer?

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units called monomers, which are covalently bonded. Examples include plastics, DNA, and proteins.

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What is a monomer?

a small, simple molecule that can join together with other ______ to form a larger, complex structure known as a polymer. ________ are the building blocks of polymers and can be natural (like amino acids) or synthetic (like styrene).

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What is a dehydration reaction?

A chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the loss of a water molecule. This type of reaction is commonly seen in the formation of polymers from monomers, such as in the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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hydrolysis

____ is the process by which a compound is broken down by the reaction with water.

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glycosidic linkage

A type of covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which can be another carbohydrate or a different type of molecule. It is formed through a dehydration reaction.

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Two saturated fats

Beef and Lamb

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Two unsaturated fats

Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid

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Why are the “tails” in lipids hydrophobic?

because it is composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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What is an R group?

Any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.

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What are the four macromolecules?

Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates

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Which macromolecule doesn't have a monomer?

Lipids

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What kind of reaction link monomers?

Dehydration/ Condensation reaction

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Examples of carbohydrates

sugars, fibers, and starches

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Monomers are attached by ________ in Carbohydrates.

glycosidic linkage

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Starch and glycogen do what?

Stockpile energy

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Chitin and cellulose do what?

provides support for plants; forms exoskeleton of anthropoids.

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Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

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What type of structure do steriods have?

fused ring structure

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Examples of steriods

Estrogen, Testosterone, and cholesterol

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What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

Amino acids and polypeptides

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What are the levels of protein structures?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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Primary Structure

unique sequence of amino acids

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Secondary Structure

found in most proteins, consist of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain.

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Tertiary Structure

determined by the interactions among various side chains (R groups) [How the protein folds]

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Quaternary Structure

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

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Denuration

unraveling of a protein or destroying the original shape of a protein [caused by change in temperature and change in pH]

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Nucleic Acid’s monomer

nucleotide

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Function of DNA and RNA

stores genetic information

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Function of protien

structural protein [hair and fur], muscles, chemical control/reactions (with enzymes), antibodies (immune system)