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electronegativity
The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. This property influences how atoms interact and bond with each other, affecting molecular structure and reactivity. It is measured on a scale, with higher values indicating a stronger attraction for electrons. Elements with high values typically include nonmetals, while metals generally have lower values.
Polar bond
A bond that doesn't equally share electrons
Nonpolar bonds
A bond without a charge
What is a polymer?
a large molecule composed of repeating structural units called monomers, which are covalently bonded. Examples include plastics, DNA, and proteins.
What is a monomer?
a small, simple molecule that can join together with other ______ to form a larger, complex structure known as a polymer. ________ are the building blocks of polymers and can be natural (like amino acids) or synthetic (like styrene).
What is a dehydration reaction?
A chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the loss of a water molecule. This type of reaction is commonly seen in the formation of polymers from monomers, such as in the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
hydrolysis
____ is the process by which a compound is broken down by the reaction with water.
glycosidic linkage
A type of covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which can be another carbohydrate or a different type of molecule. It is formed through a dehydration reaction.
Two saturated fats
Beef and Lamb
Two unsaturated fats
Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid
Why are the “tails” in lipids hydrophobic?
because it is composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is an R group?
Any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.
What are the four macromolecules?
Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates
Which macromolecule doesn't have a monomer?
Lipids
What kind of reaction link monomers?
Dehydration/ Condensation reaction
Examples of carbohydrates
sugars, fibers, and starches
Monomers are attached by ________ in Carbohydrates.
glycosidic linkage
Starch and glycogen do what?
Stockpile energy
Chitin and cellulose do what?
provides support for plants; forms exoskeleton of anthropoids.
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
What type of structure do steriods have?
fused ring structure
Examples of steriods
Estrogen, Testosterone, and cholesterol
What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?
Amino acids and polypeptides
What are the levels of protein structures?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Primary Structure
unique sequence of amino acids
Secondary Structure
found in most proteins, consist of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain.
Tertiary Structure
determined by the interactions among various side chains (R groups) [How the protein folds]
Quaternary Structure
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
Denuration
unraveling of a protein or destroying the original shape of a protein [caused by change in temperature and change in pH]
Nucleic Acid’s monomer
nucleotide
Function of DNA and RNA
stores genetic information
Function of protien
structural protein [hair and fur], muscles, chemical control/reactions (with enzymes), antibodies (immune system)
Note 
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