Unit 8 Terms and Definitions

Al-Qaeda

A Saudi Arabia fundamental Islamic Terrorist group financed by Osama bin Laden and responsible for the 9/11 attack on the United States

Al-Shabaab

An East African Traditional Islamic Terrorist group

Amin, Idi

A military dictator so brutal he was known as the "Butcher of Uganda"

Anglo-Egyptian treaty

1936 treaty that allowed more Egyptian autonomy.

Apartheid

A codified system of racial segregation

Arab League

A group of Arabian nations who worked together

Arms

Weapons and ammunition

Atlee, Clement

Took over as Prime Minister of England after Churchill left. WW2 ended under his leadership

Authoritarianism

A form of government characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Elections are insignificant, press is operated by the government.

Autonomy

The right or condition of self-government, especially in a particular sphere.

Balfour Declaration

Statement of British support for the establishment in Palestine of a "national home" for the Jewish people.

Bandaranaike, Sirimavo

First female prime minister of Sri Lanka (Ceylon)

Bandung Conference

Indonesia hosted a conference for representatives of Africa and Asia who wanted to stay out of the U.S.-Soviet Cold War

Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA)

Spanish terrorist group that wanted independence for the Basque region in norther Spain.

Bay of Pigs

When President Kennedy agreed to support the Cuban exiles who opposed Castro's communist government in Cuba and invaded Cuba.

Bellicose

Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight

Berlin Airlift

Allies flew supplies into Western zones after the Soviets blocked supplies from getting into the West Berlin

Berlin Blockade

Soviet set up blockade between East and West Berlin to prevent the West from moving supplies into the area by land.

Berlin Wall

East German and Soviet government created a wall with guards to keep people in East Germany

Bhutto, Benazir

First female prime minister of Pakistan (1988)

Big Three

Great Britain, the United States, and Soviet Union during WW2 were known as this

Boko Haram

A West African Fundamentalist Islamic Terrorist

Brezhnev Doctrine

Doctrine that stated that the Soviet Union and its allies would intervene if an action by one member threatened other socialist countries.

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS

Banned forced racial segregation of schools in the United States

Camp David Accords

A peace agreement between Prime Minister Begin of Israel and President Sadat of Egypt

Capitalism

Economic assets, such as farms and factories, were mostly owned privately. Private interest determined economic decisions.

Codified

Arranged laws or rules into a systematic code.

Cold War

A conflict does not involve direct military confrontation between 2 or more rival states

Collectivization

The act or process of organizing a people, industry, enterprise, etc., according to collectivism, an economic system in which control, especially of the means of production, is shared cooperatively or centralized.

Communes

Large agricultural communities where ethe state held the land, not private owners.

Communism

Economic assets were owned by the government. Emphasizing equality and fairness.

Communist Bloc

Also known as the Eastern Bloc, is the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, and Southeast Asia under the control and influence of the Soviet Union and its ideology.

Containment

Not letting communism spread father

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

Soviets plan to help rebuild Easter Europe

Cuban Missile Crisis

In response to the Bay of Pigs, the Soviets sent arms (including nuclear missiles) and military advisors to Castro. U.S. Responds by blocking the nuclear missiles. Closest time the two superpowers were to using nuclear missiles on each other.

Cultural Revolution

Mao's attempt to reinvigorate China's commitment to communism

De Gaulle, Charles

French President in 1958, who helped plan for Algeria's independence.

Democracy

A political system where the people chose their elected leaders through free elections relying on independent press to provide accurate information about the government

Détente

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

Dictatorial Ruler

with total power

Dissent

The expression or holding of opinions at variance with those previously held.

Domino Theory

If one country in the region became communist, other countries would soon follow.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal that divided the Third French republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. A Jewish French Officer (Dreyfus) was falsely accused and imprisoned for life for sharing French secrets to the Germans.

Egalitarian

Relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Eisenhower, Dwight

34th President of the United States. Served as Supreme Commander during WW2. Was concerned about the U.S. Soviet tensions

Fatah

The Palestinians who controlled the West Bank

Federal Republic of Germany

West Germany

First World

United States and its allies

Franco, Francisco

Dictator of Spain 1939-1975. Anti-communist, overthrew the popularly elected government, executed, imprisoned, and sent to labor camps hundreds of thousands of dissenters.

Fundamentalist

A person who believes in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture.

Gandhi, Mohandas

Led a nonviolent march, boycotts, and fasts to oppose British colonial rule in India

Gandhi, Indira

First female leader of India

German Democratic Republic

East Germany

Ghana

First sub-Sahara African country to gain independence in the 20th Century

Glasnost

The policy of opening up Soviet society and political process by granting greater freedoms

Gorbachev, Mikhail

Russia and Soviet politician and leader who worked with Ronald Reagan to end the Cold War

Great Leap Forward

Land Reform in China under the Communist Regime. Peasant lands were organized into communes

Hamas

The Palestinian faction who controlled Gaza

Hot Line

A direct telegraph/teleprinter link between the U.S. and Soviet leaders' offices.

Hydrogen bomb

More powerful than the atomic bomb

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)

A missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometers primarily designed for nuclear weapon delivery. The Soviet Union created the first which was capable of delivering a nuclear warhead into U.S. territory.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Irish Catholics who fought for their independence from English rule

Iron Curtain

Describes the split between Eastern and Western Europe

ISIL

Middle East Fundamental Islamic Terrorist Group

Johnson, Lyndon

36th President of the United States. Escalated the war in Vietnam when he officially sent troops over.

Kashmir

a border region in the mountainous north between India and Pakistan

Kent State University

Where one of the largest and most heated protests against the country's involvement in the war in Vietnam. Members of the National Guard and students were killed. (5/4/1970)

Khmer Rouge

A communist guerrilla organization under the leadership of Pol Pot, who overthrew the right-wing government of Cambodia.

Killing Fields

Mass graves of victims

King, Martin Luther Jr.

African American civil rights leader in the United States, who believed in peaceful protests

Korean War

When Communist North Korea invaded Free South Korea in an attempt to reunite the country

Khrushchev, Nikita

Soviet Premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis who sent nuclear missiles to Cuba

Land Reform

A form of agrarian reform involving the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership

Liberal

Relating to or denoting a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and fee enterprise.

Mandela, Nelson

A socialist lawyer who lead the black resistance against apartheid in South Africa

Marshall Plan

The plan by the United States that provided financial aid to Western European Countries after the war.

Metropole

a large city of a former colonial ruler

Military-industrial complex

Informal alliance between the government and large defense contractors.

Minh, Ho Chi

The communist leader of North Vietnam

Muslim League

Advocated a separate nation for Indian Muslims

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.

Nasser, Gamal Abdel

Helped to establish the Republic of Egypt and became the first president of Egypt

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Led the Algerian movement for independence from France

Non-Aligned Movement

Countries from Asia and Africa that wanted to stay out of the U.S.-Soviet Cold War

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Western Nations pledged mutual support and cooperation within the alliance against conflict and wars

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Called on nuclear powers to prevent the spread of military nuclear technology and materials to non-nuclear countries.

Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

Outlawed testing nuclear weapons above ground, underwater, and in space.

Nyerere, Julius

First female president of the United Republic of Tanzania

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

An organization that was founded in 1963 to support Pan-Africanism

Pakistan

An Independent Muslim country in India that was formed in 1947

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

The Palestinians and Arab states that rejected the Camp David Accord Peace Treaty formed this organization that was led by Yasser Arafat. They wanted the return of occupied lands and the creation of an independent nation of Palestine.

Pan-Africanism

The plan to return all freed women and men back to their homes Africa

Perestroika

Attempts to restructure the Soviet economy to allow elements of fee enterprise in, favored by Gorbachev

Potsdam Conference

The final meeting among the Big 3 in Germany on July of 1945 to plan postwar peace. Proved to be unproductive because the leaders could not come up with a solution, they could all agree on that would settle territories in Europe

Prague Spring

A period of political liberalization and mass protest in the Czech. Socialist Rep.

Proxy War

A major power helps to bring about a conflict between other nations but does not always fight directly

Quiet Revolution

Political and social change in Quebec, Canada. The Liberal Party gaining power and reforming economic policies that led to further desires for separation from the rest of British-controlled Canada

Red Guards

Groups of revolutionary students who seize government officials, teachers, and others and sent them to the countryside for re-education under Mao's rule

Reagan, Ronald

40th President of the United States. Who took part in ending the Cold War and Communist Soviet Union

Re-education Camps

Those who protested Chinese Government change were sent to learn the proper way to think and behave