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Flash cards for chapter 1 assessment in Medical Biology
Systems
a set of interacting parts or components
Systems have both…..
Inputs and Outputs
Input
what goes into a system
Output
what comes out of a system
Systems can be….
open, closed, or isolated
Open System
both inputs/outputs flow in and out freely (both energy and matter is exchanged)
Closed System
the flow of inputs and outputs are limited (energy only exchanged)
Isolated System
inputs and outputs are contained ( energy/matter exchanged within system)
Systems have _____ to keep it functioning properly
controls
Controls can be…
automatic, manual, or both
controls give ____ to the system
feedback
Feedback Loop
input continuously leads to and output, and the output continuously becomes an input
Systems in Med Bio are organised from _____ units to ____ units
Small, Large
Individuals cells are the _____ of a system
components
The larger unit casting the ¨Larger picture¨ makes it…
represent emergent properties
The 5 interconnected spheres are…
geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, anthrosphere
Biosphere is made up of…
ecosystems
Ecosystems include…
Biotic/Abiotic factors
Biotic Factors
living or once living components
Abiotic factors
nonliving components, like energy and matter
Ecosystems in order of small to big:
organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
Biotic ecosystems are made up of…
Terrestrial/Aquatic Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Land Based (29%)
Aquatic Ecosystem
Water Based (71%)
Characteristics of living things:
made up of one or more cells, grow, reproduce, evolve, respond to environmental changes, maintain homeostasis
Habitat
includes biotic and abiotic factors (where the organism lives)
Ecological Niche
an environment that includes everything that the organism needs to survive and reproduce (how the organism lives)
Food Sources:
type of food, how species compete for food, where the food is in the food web
Abiotic Conditions:
the range of air temperature and the amount of water the species can tolerate
Behavior:
the time of day a specie is active, when/where is feeds/reproduces
An ecosystem is a collection of…
Habitats
Predation
when one organism captures and eats another organism (allows transfer of energy up the food-web/chain)
Competition:
when organisms compete for limited resources such as food, water, space, mates, etc
Competition occurs between:
different organisms or among the same species
Symbiosis:
relationship between different organisms
Mutualism
both species are benefited
Commensalism
one is benefited, but the other is neither harmed or benefited
Parasitism
one is benefited and the other is harmed
Biodiversity:
the measure of the number of different species in an area
The more complex the system…
the more biodiversity there is
Complex ____ within an ____ makes the organism more ____ to change
relationships, environment, resilient
Technology
application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Engineering Design Process
the method used to develop or improve technology.
The Engineering Design Process is….
iterative
Criteria
standard on which a solution can be based
Criteria identifies….
the ¨wants” for a solution by identifying what the solution will do and how well it will do it
Constraints:
limitations that a design or solution must stay within
Constraints may include:
cost, weight, resources, environment, etc
Tradeoff
an exchange for one thing in return for another
The ___ of a tradeoff will depend on the ____ defined by the ____
benefit, problem, engineer
Biodiversity Hotspot
an area with high levels of biodiversity
Hotspots contain organisms that are _____ to that given ____ and cannot be found anywhere ___ (also known as _______)
unique, location, else, keystone species
Preserving hotspots helps to prevent _____ and _____ unique ecosystems
extinction, preserve
Hotspots can also include clues to…
new medicines
Keystone species tend to be….
a single species of individuals that have a strong effects on an entire ecosystem
If a keystone is gone….
the ecosystem may collapse
The biggest factor the affects Biodiversity is ____ activity
human
Human activity leads to the removal of ________ lowering the biodiversity of an area
native plants and organisms
Pesticides that are in an area may also negatively affect any ____ organisms
remaining
Introduction of new plants and animals ____ biodiversity as there is more ____ for resources and they may ____ on natives
lowers, competition, resources, prey
Density
the matter in a given space
Population Density
the amount of species living in a given space
The formula for population change is….
# of individuals/area (units squared)
If there is numerical proof of change, the two causes being investigated are…..
Environment Changes and Natural variation in the life history of the species
Population Dispersion
How organisms separate themselves within a population
The three main patterns of population dispersion are…
clumped, random, and uniform
Clumped
When resources are spread out unevenly (helps with protection from predators and finding mates)
Uniform
When individuals compete (meaning limited resources/territory or territorial organisms)
Random
When individuals are spread randomly (like plants, water, wind, and animals) (least common pattern)
Growth rate between species differ from each ___ or between ____
region, ecosystems
Regional and ecosystem growth rates may be different from the global scale due to ______ and______ in what is experienced by the ______
sample size, differences, subpopulations
Microbial populations…..
vary among individuals and within subpopulations
Diseases may affect or hit some group and not others due to their _____ in the ____
location, world
Biologists use different sampling techniques to measure the individuals within a large area, like:
random, stratified, systematic, voluntary, convenience, proposal, quadrat, mark-recapture
To track population size, you must know…..
the immigration rate, emigration rate, birth rate, and death rate
Population growth depends on________ and _________ available
Environmental changes, resources
The two patterns to population growth are….
Exponential and Logistic Growth
Exponential Growth:
when organisms move into an uninhabited area
Any group of organisms that have an ____ amount of resources will rapidly_____ in size
ideal, increase
Population size will change _______ over a _____ period of time
dramatically, short
Exponential Growth areas have:
no predators, plenty of resources, more births than deaths, no competition, enough space, more immigration than emigration
Logistic Growth
Occurs when the population stabilizes or evens off to a size that the environment can support
Logistic Growth is due to……
resources starting to run out or run low
Carrying Capacity
the maximum number of individuals an environment can support and sustain
Carrying capacity can change at ______
any time
Limiting Factors
Factors affecting the carrying capacity
Limiting Factors can either be:
Density-Dependent or Density-Independent
Density-Dependent
Involves competition, predation, and parasitism/diseases
Density-Dependent areas include….
Competition-organisms competing with each other for resources
Predation-feeding relationship between the predator and its prey
Parasitism and Disease …..
move rapidly in crowded places
Density-Independent
Relies on weather, natural disasters, and human activity
Density Independent limiting factors involve….
Weather, Natural Disasters, Human Activity
Ecosystem
a complex relationship between organisms and their environment
Disturbance
anything that causes changes to an environment
Disturbances are caused by….
physical, chemical, or biological agents
Natural Disturbance
A disturbance caused by nature (drought, earthquake, etc)
Human-Caused Disturbance
A disturbance that is the result of human actions (mining, water pollution, etc)
Disturbances can affect a _____ area or a _____ area
small, large
Disturbances can:
destroy habitats, wipe out populations, contribute to loss in biodiversity, create ecosystem fragmentation, alter relationship, alter the cycling of abiotic factors
Ecosystems are in a state of flux because of….
temperature changes (not seasonal), change in rainfall amount/duration, introduction of new organisms
