Ch. 1 Test - Sudipta Barua

Flash cards for chapter 1 assessment in Medical Biology

Systems

a set of interacting parts or components

Systems have both…..

Inputs and Outputs

Input

what goes into a system

Output

what comes out of a system

Systems can be….

open, closed, or isolated

Open System

both inputs/outputs flow in and out freely (both energy and matter is exchanged)

Closed System

the flow of inputs and outputs are limited (energy only exchanged)

Isolated System

inputs and outputs are contained ( energy/matter exchanged within system)

Systems have _____ to keep it functioning properly

controls

Controls can be…

automatic, manual, or both

controls give ____ to the system

feedback

Feedback Loop

input continuously leads to and output, and the output continuously becomes an input

Systems in Med Bio are organised from _____ units to ____ units

Small, Large

Individuals cells are the _____ of a system

components

The larger unit casting the ¨Larger picture¨ makes it…

represent emergent properties

The 5 interconnected spheres are…

geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, anthrosphere

Biosphere is made up of…

ecosystems

Ecosystems include…

Biotic/Abiotic factors

Biotic Factors

living or once living components

Abiotic factors

nonliving components, like energy and matter

Ecosystems in order of small to big:

organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Biotic ecosystems are made up of…

Terrestrial/Aquatic Ecosystems

Terrestrial Ecosystem

Land Based (29%)

Aquatic Ecosystem

Water Based (71%)

Characteristics of living things:

made up of one or more cells, grow, reproduce, evolve, respond to environmental changes, maintain homeostasis

Habitat

includes biotic and abiotic factors (where the organism lives)

Ecological Niche

an environment that includes everything that the organism needs to survive and reproduce (how the organism lives)

Food Sources:

type of food, how species compete for food, where the food is in the food web

Abiotic Conditions:

the range of air temperature and the amount of water the species can tolerate

Behavior:

the time of day a specie is active, when/where is feeds/reproduces

An ecosystem is a collection of…

Habitats

Predation

when one organism captures and eats another organism (allows transfer of energy up the food-web/chain)

Competition:

when organisms compete for limited resources such as food, water, space, mates, etc

Competition occurs between:

different organisms or among the same species

Symbiosis:

relationship between different organisms

Mutualism

both species are benefited

Commensalism

one is benefited, but the other is neither harmed or benefited

Parasitism

one is benefited and the other is harmed

Biodiversity:

the measure of the number of different species in an area

The more complex the system…

the more biodiversity there is

Complex ____ within an ____ makes the organism more ____ to change

relationships, environment, resilient

Technology

application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

Engineering Design Process

the method used to develop or improve technology.

The Engineering Design Process is….

iterative

Criteria

standard on which a solution can be based

Criteria identifies….

the ¨wants” for a solution by identifying what the solution will do and how well it will do it

Constraints:

limitations that a design or solution must stay within

Constraints may include:

cost, weight, resources, environment, etc

Tradeoff

an exchange for one thing in return for another

The ___ of a tradeoff will depend on the ____ defined by the ____

benefit, problem, engineer

Biodiversity Hotspot

an area with high levels of biodiversity

Hotspots contain organisms that are _____ to that given ____ and cannot be found anywhere ___ (also known as _______)

unique, location, else, keystone species

Preserving hotspots helps to prevent _____ and _____ unique ecosystems

extinction, preserve

Hotspots can also include clues to…

new medicines

Keystone species tend to be….

a single species of individuals that have a strong effects on an entire ecosystem 

If a keystone is gone….

the ecosystem may collapse

The biggest factor the affects Biodiversity is ____ activity

human

Human activity leads to the removal of ________ lowering the biodiversity of an area

native plants and organisms

Pesticides that are in an area may also negatively affect any ____ organisms

remaining

Introduction of new plants and animals ____ biodiversity as there is more ____ for resources and they may ____ on natives

lowers, competition, resources, prey

Density

the matter in a given space

Population Density

the amount of species living in a given space

The formula for population change is….

# of individuals/area (units squared)

If there is numerical proof of change, the two causes being investigated are…..

Environment Changes and Natural variation in the life history of the species

Population Dispersion

How organisms separate themselves within a population

The three main patterns of population dispersion are…

clumped, random, and uniform

Clumped

When resources are spread out unevenly (helps with protection from predators and finding mates)

Uniform

When individuals compete (meaning limited resources/territory or territorial organisms)

Random

When individuals are spread randomly (like plants, water, wind, and animals) (least common pattern)

Growth rate between species differ from each ___ or between ____

region, ecosystems

Regional and ecosystem growth rates may be different from the global scale due to ______ and______ in what is experienced by the ______

sample size, differences, subpopulations

Microbial populations…..

vary among individuals and within subpopulations

Diseases may affect or hit some group and not others due to their _____ in the ____

location, world

Biologists use different sampling techniques to measure the individuals within a large area, like:

random, stratified, systematic, voluntary, convenience, proposal, quadrat, mark-recapture

To track population size, you must know…..

the immigration rate, emigration rate, birth rate, and death rate

Population growth depends on________ and _________ available

Environmental changes, resources

The two patterns to population growth are….

Exponential and Logistic Growth

Exponential Growth:

when organisms move into an uninhabited area 

Any group of organisms that have an ____ amount of resources will rapidly_____ in size

ideal, increase

Population size will change _______ over a _____ period of time

dramatically, short

Exponential Growth areas have:

no predators, plenty of resources, more births than deaths, no competition, enough space, more immigration than emigration

Logistic Growth

Occurs when the population stabilizes or evens off to a size that the environment can support

Logistic Growth is due to……

resources starting to run out or run low

Carrying Capacity

 the maximum number of individuals an environment can support and sustain

Carrying capacity can change at ______

any time

Limiting Factors

Factors affecting the carrying capacity

Limiting Factors can either be:

Density-Dependent or Density-Independent

Density-Dependent

Involves competition, predation, and parasitism/diseases

Density-Dependent areas include….

Competition-organisms competing with each other for resources 

Predation-feeding relationship between the predator and its prey

Parasitism and Disease …..

move rapidly in crowded places

Density-Independent

Relies on weather, natural disasters, and human activity

Density Independent limiting factors involve….

Weather, Natural Disasters, Human Activity

Ecosystem

a complex relationship between organisms and their environment

Disturbance

anything that causes changes to an environment

Disturbances are caused by….

physical, chemical, or biological agents

Natural Disturbance

A disturbance caused by nature (drought, earthquake, etc)

Human-Caused Disturbance

A disturbance that is the result of human actions (mining, water pollution, etc)

Disturbances can affect a _____ area or a _____ area

small, large

Disturbances can:

destroy habitats, wipe out populations, contribute to loss in biodiversity, create ecosystem fragmentation, alter relationship, alter the cycling of abiotic factors

Ecosystems are in a state of flux because of….

temperature changes (not seasonal), change in rainfall amount/duration, introduction of new organisms