APHG whole 1-7 unit review

what is relative location

position of a place in relation to other locations; “North of Mexico”

define map scale and name two types

map scale shows the ratio of distance on the map to the real world; large scale, small scale

what is spatial analysis?

study of geographic phenomena in terms of their arrangement and relationships across space

what are five themes of geography?

location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, region

difference between site and situation?

site refers to the physical characteristics of a place; situation refers to its location relative to other places

what is demographic transition model (DTM)

model that shows population change over time through 5 stages, from high birth and death rates low birth and death rates

define carrying capacity

maximum population size an environment can sustainably support.

difference between emigration and immigration?

emigration; leaving a country

immigration; entering a new country

what are push and pull factors in migration?

push; drive people a way from a place (e.g, war)

pull; attract them to a new location (e.g, jobs)

what is population density, and what are two types?

population density refers to how crowded a place is.

arithmetic density is total population divided by land area

physiological density is population divided by arable land

what is cultural diffusion

spread of cultural traits from one region to another.

includes relocation, contagious, hierarchical, stimulus diffusion

define cultural landscape

visible imprint of human activity on the landscape, including buildings, roads, and signs.

what is the difference between folk culture and popular culture?

folk culture; traditionally praciticed by small, rural groups

popular culturel widespread and changes quickly, often in urban areas.

what are ethnic enclaves?

areas where people of the same ethnicity cluster and maintain cultural traits (e.g, Chinatown)

what is language family? give an example

group of related languages with a common ancestor.

ex: indo-European, family includes English, Spanish, and Hindi

what is a state in political geography

a politically organized area with defined boundaries; a permanent population, a government, and sovereignty.

define nation-state, give an example

a state where the population shares a common culture and identity.

example; japan

what is gerrymandering

the manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor one political party

difference between unitary and federal states?

unitary states; centralized power in the national government

federal states; divide power between national and local governments

what are supranational organizations?

entities composed of three or more countries working for a common goal (e.g, the EU or the UN)

what is the green revolution

a period of agricultural innovation starting in the 1940s-60s, involving high-yield crops, fertilizers, and mechanization that increased food production globally.

define subsistence agriculture

farming primarily to feed the farmer and their family, with little or no surplus for sale

what is von Thünen’s model

a model showing how agricultural land use is arranged around a central market based on transportation cost and perishability.

difference between intensive and extensive agriculture

intensive; uses high inputs on small plots

extensive; uses fewer inputs over larger areas

what are agribusinesses?

large-scale, commercial farming operations that include production, processing, and distribution

what is urban hierarchy?

ranking of cities based on their size, economic influence, and level of services (megacities, metropolises, cities, towns)

define central business district (CBD)

the commercial and business center of a city, characterized by high land values, tall buildings, and intense competition for space.

what is urban sprawl

uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, often resulting in environmental and social issues

what is the sector model of urban land use?

a model that suggests cities develop in a series of wedges or sectors, each with different land use.

difference between gentrification and urban renewal?

gentrification involves the rehabilitation of deteriorating neighborhoods, often displacing lower-income residents urban renewal is program of lands redevelopment in areas.

what is the industrial revolution?

a period of major industrialization in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

what is the world systems theory?

a theory that. divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions based on their level of economic development and exploitation of resources

what is agglomeration in industrial economies?

clustering of businesses in the same area to reduce costs, increase efficiency,enhance access to labor and recourses (Silicon Valley)

define infrastructure

basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society, including transportations, communications, and energy systems.

what is human development index (HDI)

a composite index measuring a country’s level of human development based on life expectancy, education, and per capita income

difference between bulk-reducing and bulk-gaining industries?

bulk-reducing; locating near raw materials, materials lose weight/volume in production

bulk-gaining; locate near markets, products gain weight/volume in production