Biochem Final

3 carbon monosaccharide

triose

4 carbon monosaccharide

tetrose

5 Member Ring is called

furanose

6 member ring

pyranose

Aldehyde functional group and suffix

aldose

alpha

OH down-opposite of D/L carbon

amphiphilic

non polar aliphatic tails and polar phosphoryl-X heads

androgens and estrogens

affect sexual development and function

Ankyrin

binds integral membrane ion channel protein

anterograde transport

vesticles bud off from fold to fold in the golgi

are both alpha and beta present in a solution?

yes they are 50/50 in solution because they spontaneously convert between both

Beta

OH is up-same side and of D/L carbon

C-terminal sequences

Soluble resident ER proteins have C-terminal:Lys-Asp-Glu-LeuLys-Lys-X-XLys-X-Lys-X-X-X
if altered, Kicked out-stay in the Golgi

Can glycosaminoglycan be phosphorylated?

yes

can there be more than one epimer for a sugar?

yes

Carbohydrate composition

C, H, O

carbohydrate recognition

trafficking of lysosomal proteins depend on oligosaccharide

Cellulose

-plant cell walls-beta(1-4) glucose-reducing sugar

ceramide

N-acyl fatty acid derivative of sphingosine

Cerebrosides

ceramide + monosaccharide*mediates recognition events

Chitin

beta(1-4) N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine *add amine group to carbon 2-makes the molecule bigger-that changes H+ bonding making it slightly less hydrophobic

Cisternal progression

no leaving, just hanging out until they're ready

Clathrin

-forms flexible cages or protein called triskelions

COPI

transports proteins between Golgi compartments

COPII

transports proteins from ER to Golgi-chases escapees from the Golgi

D

-OH on the right-OH in the up position

Digestion of starch

amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and debranching enzyme

Disaccharide

2 monosaccharides

Endoglycosidases

cleaves middle of sugar chain at glycosidic bond

Epimers

differ at exactly one chiral carbon

Example of a glycosaminoglycan

hyaluronic acid, heparin

example of sphingolipid

Sphingomyelin, ceramide

exoglycosidases

cuts terminal sugar at glycosidic bond

Extrinsic membrane proteins

-bind via electrostatic and H+ bonding-easy to remove-change pH

fatty acid definition

carboxylic acid with a long chain hydrocarbon side group (tail)

Fatty Acylated Lipid-Linked Proteins

Myristic acid and palmate acid

Flippase

Catalyzes outer to inner leaflet flip of lipids

fluid mosaic model

-membrane is not static-proteins can be imbedded

fluidlike properties of a bilayer

-Layers are not static-transverse (flip-flopping) of lipids-lateral diffusion-constant rotation around c-c bonds of lipid tails-temperature dependant

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP)

A method used to study the movement of proteins within living cells.

function of glycoforms

1) define protein structures2) mediated recognition events3) antigenic Determinants

gangliosides

ceramide linked to an oligosaccharide

Glucocorticoids

affect carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism

glycoforms

same protein with variation in sequence, location, and number of covalently attached carbohydrates

Glycosaminoglycans structure

alternating uronic and hexoamine residue-unbranched

glycosidic bond

Anomeric carbon condenses with alcohol-alpha-beta

glycosylated

proteins with oligosaccharide covalantly attached

GPI-linked proteins

located only on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane

Heteropolysaccharides

different monosaccharides

Homopolysaccharides

same monosaccharides

how are cyclic sugars made?

By the alcohol on the last carbon chiral carbon reacting with the carbonyl group

How are membrane lipids distributed?

asymmetrically

how are new membranes formed?

created by expanding existing membranes

how are proteins directed?

-carbohydrate recognition-C-terminal sequences

how are the the oligosaccharides attached to proteins?

N linked then Asn-X-Ser or Thr*X can be any amino acid except Pro and rarely Asp-then it is chopped until there is only 3 mannoses making the Y-other molecules can be added to the mannoses after the chopping

how do coated vesicles preserve orientation?

-inside of the membrane is the same as the ER and Golgi and outside of the cell-stays in the same environment

how do membrane lipids get to the outer leaflet

its flops out

how do the polar heads sit in the bilayer?

they nestle in right next to each other

How do we end up with trans fat?

-to preserve shelf life and avoid oxidation of unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats are hydrogenated to reduce some double bounds-this converts the cis bonds to trans

how do you know which carbon has a double bond?

Delta symbol C# that starts the double bond

how do you number the rings?

clockwise from the anomeric carbon

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?

decreases fluidity

how does glycogen debranching enzyme work?

breaks the alpha(1-6) bond

How does glycogen phosphorylase work?

breaks the Alpha(1-4) from the nonreducing ends

how does temperature effect the bilayer?

-above transition temperature - liquid crystal (liquid but organized- below - gel like solid

How many monosaccharides are in a polysaccharide?

3 or more

how to biological membrane fuse?

by proteins called SNAREs

How to name glycosidic bonds?

Greek letter ( C# mononsaccharide 1 - C# monosaccharide 2)

how to name monosaccharides

-functional group-carbon number-stereochemistry of last chiral carbon

How to name triacylglycerols?

by adding -oyl to the end of each fatty acid and ending with glycerol

how to remove extrinsic membrane proteins?

-add salt-interupt bonding using Urea

how to translocons work?

-transmembrane proteins enter the channel- alpha helix opens to lipid bilayer releasing into lipid bilayer

inner leaflet

The layer of the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer that faces the cytoplasm.

integral proteins

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Ketone functional group and suffix

ketose

L

-OH on the left-OH in the down postion

lateral diffusion

movement within the same plane

Lipid bilayer formation

-driven by hydrophobic effect-size constraints

Lipid definition

non-polar organic molecule

lipid linked proteins

-lipid acts as on anchor in the bilayer

Liposome

closed self sealing solvent filled vesicles bound by a single bilayer

membrane fusion

1) zipping SNARES2) Hemifusion: Exposes the bilayer interior3) Fusion Pore: tension from SNAREs causes breakdown of the original bilayer forming new ones

Mineralocorticoids

regulate salt and water balance

Monosccharides composition

Aldehyde or ketone, 3+ carbons, polyhydroxy alcohols

Mutarotation

switching between D and L

Myristic Acid

-C14, saturated-aminde linkage, Thioester-myristoylation stable for life-located cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, inner face of plasma membrane and nucleus

O-linked oligosaccharides

*have glycosidic bond to the hydroxyl group of Ser or Thr residues*synthesized in the Golgi*more common*condensation Rxn

Oligosaccharides

short chains of three or more monosaccharides

outer leaflet

phospholipid layer next to exterior

Oxidation of sugars at C1

-becomes carboxylic acid-only aldehydealdose becomes aldonic acid

Oxidation of sugars at last carbon

-also changes to carboxylic acid-more soluble-primary alcohol = uronic acid

palmitic acid

-C16, saturated-amide linkage thioester-palmitoylation reversible, regulates-lacoted only cytoplasmic face of plasma membrane

Pectin structure

heterogeneous polysaccharides- alpha(1-4) galacturonate with rhamnose

peptidoglycan structure

Polymer of disaccharide.NAG: N-acetylglycosamine (shorter, OH-H),NAM: N-acetylmuramic acid (longer, H/O-HC-CH3-C=O-OH). Linked by Polypeptide Cross Bridge (pentaglycine)

peptidoglycan

-makes up cell wall of bacteria-thickness and complexity of cell wall determines gram - or +

phosphatidic acid structure

-X is H+-C1 is saturated with 16 - 18 carbons-C2 is unsaturated with 16-20 carbons

Phosphoglycerides

C1 and C2 esterfied with fatty acidsC3 contains phosphate-amphiphilic

Phospholipase

-enzyme that Hydrolyzes glycerophoslips*changes structure and disrupts membranes-insoluable

Phospholipid translocase

transport specific phospholipids across a bilayer

plasmolagens

Contains an ether linkage instead of ester linkage