VETN 211B: History of Pet Food
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28 Terms
When was first commercial dog produced and where?
London in 1860
Dry kibble or “dog cake”
What does extrusion involve?
Mixing all ingredients together, rapidly cooking mixture, forcing it through extruder (specialized pressure cooker)
What did Hills Science Diet achieve in 1968?
They became the first product line that was designed for different life stages
What is AAFCO?
American Association of Feed Control Official - composed fo feed control officials
What should a food label include?
Product name
Designation = cat vs dog
Net weight
Name/address of manufacturer
Guaranteed analysis
Ingredient panel
Nutritional adequacy statement or purpose of product
Feeding guidelines
Date of manufacture or expiration date
What does it mean by complete in a food label?
Has all the required nutrients for a normal life
What does it mean by balanced in a food label?
Has all the nutrients but is proportioned based on the diet, age, lifestyle
Ex: Hills Urinary Plan
What does guaranteed analysis provide?
Provides min. or max. percentages of certain nutrients that manufacturer claims the product meets
What is crude protein and crude fats expressed as?
Min percentage
What is moisture expressed as?
Max percentage
What does crude mean?
Described the analytical procedure used to estimate the nutrients
Why shouldn’t GA be used to compare products?
Because it only reflects min/max values, not exact amounts
In an ingredient panel, how should it be organized?
Arranged in decreasing order by weight
What are premium diets?
They are a fixed formula
Helps eliminate a bad stomach
What are the 4 AAFCO approved primary types of nutritional statements?
Complete and balanced for all life stages
Limited claim
Intermittent or supplemental
Therapeutic
What does it mean by complete and balanced for all life stages?
Provides complete and balanced nutrition for gestation, lactation, growth, and maintenance
What does it mean by limited claim?
Complete and balanced nutrition for a particular life stage
Ex: Puppy, adult, geriatric food
What does it mean by intermittent or supplemental?
Formulated for intermittent or supplemental use
Not permanent, temporary
Ex: Weight management diet
What does it mean by therapeutic?
Prescription diets - used only under supervision of DVM
What does nutrient content of a product mean?
Exact levels of various nutrients
Digestibility and availability of essential nutrients
What are the 4 ways nutrient content can be determined?
Lab analysis of final product
Target values from manufacturer
Nutrient content can be calculated based on published values for ingredients
Guaranteed and typical analysis from label can be used
What is laboratory analysis?
Proximate analysis - provides info on a specific group of nutrients BUT not all
Expressed as a percentage
What is part of lab/proximate analysis?
Moisture
Crude protein
Crude fat-ash
Fiber
(in percentages and reports only max or min levels)
What is the most accurate way to determine nutrient content?
Final product analysis
What do feed trials require and how long?
8 animals per group, monitors a limited number of parameters
Over a period of 6 months
What does amount of nutrients depend on?
Energy density
What is nutrient density expressed as numerically?
grams/100kcal of ME
When fed a calorically dense diet, what should you do?
% of nutrients by weight must be increased to meet needs for all essential nutrients
Note 
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