Studied by 16 peopleclassification of life (first 4)
domain, kingdom, genus, species
biological organization (smallest to biggest)
atom, molecules, micromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, ogranism
3 sub-atomic particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
chemical bond
energy relationship holding atoms together
chemical reaction
lost, gaines or shared of electons between atoms
intramolecular bonds
hold together atoms for 1 molecule
intermolecular bonds
hold together several molecules
4 macromolecules
lipids, protein, amino acids, carbohydrates
several organelles = ?
macromolecules
smallest unit of life + have characteristics of life = ?
cell
4 type of tissue
epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
11 organ system (say there functions out loud, don’t write it down)
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
4 compoments of integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, gland
2 layers of skin
epidermis (epithelial cells + protective shield) and dermis (connective tissue + bulk tought/leathery layer)
what is a bruises?
an injury transmitted through unbroken skin to underlying tissue causing rupture of small blood vessels and escape of blood into the tissue with resulting discoloration
what is a bed sore?
areas of the skin that are under pressure from lying in bed, sitting in a wheelchair, or wearing a cast for a prolonged time.
what is a calluse?
a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area that has been subjected to friction
what is a sunburn?
tissue damage (kills cells) inflicted by intense radiation from the sun
what part of the skeletal system affects to formation and protection of blood elements?
red marrow in certain bones
appendicular skeleton?
bones of the limbs and girdle (pectoral gridle, pelvic gridle, upper limbs and lower limbs)
axil skeleton?
axis of the body, supports head/neck/trunk, protects brain/spinal cord/organs in thorax (skull, vertbral column, thoracic cage)
5 region vertebrea column (top to bottom)
cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, sacral curvature, coccyx
relationship between muscular and skeletal system
muscle attached bones, pulling on them so they can move
urinary track
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
3 muscle tissue
cardiac (involuntary), skeletal (voluntary), smooth (unvoluntary)
diaphragm and intercostal muscles = ? type
skeletal muscle
muscle can shorten (_____) forcibly
contract
muscle can be excitable… define
undergo neural stimulation ( respond to input from nervous system)
identifie MOUTH, PAHRYNX, ESOPHAGUS, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES, LIVER, PANCREAS
alimentary canal/ gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
continous muscular tube from mouth to anus, digest food and absorbs digested fragements puts it into blood
ingestion?
taking food into digestive tract (eating)
digesting
enzyme secreted to break down food molecules
absorption
passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract throught mucosal cells into blood and lympth
defecation
eleminates indigestible substances in anus (feces)
most absorption happens…?
small intestine
digestive disease/imbalance = ?
constipation, diarrhea, celiac’s disease, reflux, intolerances, food allergies, hepatitis
what organ is both in endocrine and digestive systeme?
pancreas
why is it important to maintain boundaries?
maintain the integrity of living system and mediate what goes in and out of cell
what is in the internal environmental?
extracellular fluid which surrounds cell and fluid in blood
what is the external environnement ?
surrounds the body, we cannot control, organism lives
extracellular fluid (ECF) vs intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid that is bathing the cells (blood plasma, interstitial- outside blood vessel and cell,cerebrospinal fluid, lymph) vs majority of fluid in body
2 types of movement
muscle movement and cell movement
what are the 10 requirements for life?
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, energy transfer, excretion, reproduction, growth and development, maintaining homeostasis
what are the two external response to stimuli?
physical and chemical (5 senses)
what are the two exemples of internal response to stimuli?
bladder stretch and neurotransmitters
2 parts of metabolism?
catabolism (breakdown molecules) and anabolism (building molecules)
what is the purpose of energy transfer/ making ATP?
to fuel our cells
2 types of excretions?
waste product of metabolism (urea, carbon dioxide) and undigested/unabsorbed food (feces)
2 type of cell reproduction + 1 other type?
mitosis and meiosis, sexual reproduction
2 parts of growth in a zygote?
prenatal development and post natal development
what is homeostasis?
maintaining a relatively stable internal environment (equilibrium)
3 components of homeostasis
receptor, control center and effector
what does the receptor do?
detects and responds to stimuli
what does the control center (brain or gland) do?
control (decides) set point, receives input and determines appropriate response
what does the effector do?
receives output and causes a change in variables
positive vs negative feedback?
positive feedback amplifies change while negative feedback reduces change
positive feedbck?
increase the change or output (the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly)
negative feedback?
when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction (bring target closer to stability or homoestasis).
3 system involved in pH homeostasis
blood buffering system, respiratory system and urinary system
why is pH homeostatis critical to survive?
The activity of most chemical reactions via enzyme proteins is dependent on fluid pH.
pH
acid = 1-6, neutral = 7, base = 8-14
high concentration H+ = low pH
urine (acidic), saliva (neutral), blood (basic)
carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffering system
CO2 + H20 ← → H2CO3 ← → H+ + HCO3-
5 factors for survival
sunlight, water, air, habitat and food
define buffers
minimize changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution
define bicarbonate buffer system
chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood (aka) carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
what is gross anatomy (not by heart)
structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye
what is cytology (not by heart)
microscopic study of plant and animal cells
what is histology (not by heart)
study of the microscopic structure of tissue
what is panthology (not by heart)
causes and effects of diseases
what is microbiology (not by heart)
concerned with very small living things such as bacteria and their effects on people
what are the 3 characteristics of standard anatomical position?
body erect, feet slightly apart + parallel, arms hanging on side with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away
what are the 3 perpendicular planes
sagittal (midsagittal or parasagittal), frontal (coronal), transverse
what are the directional terms
superior vs inferior
anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)
medial vs lateral vs intermediate
proximal vs distal
superficial (external) vs deep (internal)
2 major skeletal divisions
axial (head, neck and trunk) and appendicular (arms, legs and attachment)
4 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
what are 2 body cavities (understand where each organ is)
ventral (pericardial, pleural, abdominal and pelvic cavities) and dorsal (cranial and vertebral)
body cavities flowchart
what is a body cavity?
fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs, separated by membranes and other structures
organic vs inorganic molecules?
organic compounds = mostly C and H (carbone backbone)
inorganic compound = substance dowsnt contain C and H (minerals and water)
4 roles played by ions (H+, O-, ect.)
electron transport, redox reactions, energy metabolism, maintaining osmotic pressure
3 major components of body fluid
water, electrolytes, nutrients
solutes (sub. dissolved in solution) + solvants (dissolving agent + water = universal solvant) = ________?
solutions
intramolecular + intermolecular bonds in H2O
7 functions of H2O in body
prevents sudden changes in temperature, solvent, hydrosis reactions, transport, cell volume/blood volume/blood pressure, flushes out waste, lubricates/cleans/protects
MAINTAINING FLUID BALANCE : what does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from brain do?
retain water + thirst mechaninsm that makes you cosume fluids when dehydrated
define dehydration
water loss exceeds water intake
define heat exhaustion
body overheating + heavy sweating
define heat stroke
body temp. even higher + no sweating + rapid pulse
where is water found?
ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF (extracellular fluid)
what are monomers?
small molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules by dehydration synthesis rx (anabolic) and hydrolosis rx can reverse process
what monomer is each macromolecule made up of?
monosaccharides (simple sugar) = carbohydrate
amino acids = protein
glycerol/fatty acids = lipids
nucleotides - nucleic acid
What is the function of carbs?
energy (immediate energy + energy storage) and found in other molecules (DNA)
define hydophilic (carbohydrates)
“water-loving”, tendency to be wetted in water, opposite of hydrophobic
what is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
monosaccharides = simple form carbohydrates, makes ATP
disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides (digests mono and bonded together)
polysaccharides = 3 or more monosaccharides
what is a monosaccharide found in blood and the most common compoment for larger carbohydrates?
glucose
define dextrose
glucose that is administered via IV
glucose vs sucrose vs glycogen
monosaccharide + simple carb
disaccharide + table sugar
polysaccharide + complex carb, excess glucose
2 hormone that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
glucagon (increases : glucogen → glucose) and insulin (deacreases : glucose → glycogen)
DIABETES : type 1 vs type 2
little or no insuline
insulin receptors not very sensitive to insulin/ don’t make enought insulin (obesity)
define glycemix index
a scale that ranks a carbohydrate-containing food or drink by how much it raises blood glucose after it is eaten or drunk
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