bio exam 1 (lecture 1-6)

classification of life (first 4)

domain, kingdom, genus, species

biological organization (smallest to biggest)

atom, molecules, micromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, ogranism

3 sub-atomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

chemical bond

energy relationship holding atoms together

chemical reaction

lost, gaines or shared of electons between atoms

intramolecular bonds

hold together atoms for 1 molecule

intermolecular bonds

hold together several molecules

4 macromolecules

lipids, protein, amino acids, carbohydrates

several organelles = ?

macromolecules

smallest unit of life + have characteristics of life = ?

cell

4 type of tissue

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

11 organ system (say there functions out loud, don’t write it down)

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

4 compoments of integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, gland

2 layers of skin

epidermis (epithelial cells + protective shield) and dermis (connective tissue + bulk tought/leathery layer)

what is a bruises?

an injury transmitted through unbroken skin to underlying tissue causing rupture of small blood vessels and escape of blood into the tissue with resulting discoloration

what is a bed sore?

areas of the skin that are under pressure from lying in bed, sitting in a wheelchair, or wearing a cast for a prolonged time.

what is a calluse?

a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area that has been subjected to friction

what is a sunburn?

tissue damage (kills cells) inflicted by intense radiation from the sun

what part of the skeletal system affects to formation and protection of blood elements?

red marrow in certain bones

appendicular skeleton?

bones of the limbs and girdle (pectoral gridle, pelvic gridle, upper limbs and lower limbs)

axil skeleton?

axis of the body, supports head/neck/trunk, protects brain/spinal cord/organs in thorax (skull, vertbral column, thoracic cage)

5 region vertebrea column (top to bottom)

cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, sacral curvature, coccyx

relationship between muscular and skeletal system

muscle attached bones, pulling on them so they can move

urinary track

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

3 muscle tissue

cardiac (involuntary), skeletal (voluntary), smooth (unvoluntary)

diaphragm and intercostal muscles = ? type

skeletal muscle

muscle can shorten (_____) forcibly

contract

muscle can be excitable… define

undergo neural stimulation ( respond to input from nervous system)

identifie MOUTH, PAHRYNX, ESOPHAGUS, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES, LIVER, PANCREAS

alimentary canal/ gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)

continous muscular tube from mouth to anus, digest food and absorbs digested fragements puts it into blood

ingestion?

taking food into digestive tract (eating)

digesting

enzyme secreted to break down food molecules

absorption

passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract throught mucosal cells into blood and lympth

defecation

eleminates indigestible substances in anus (feces)

most absorption happens…?

small intestine

digestive disease/imbalance = ?

constipation, diarrhea, celiac’s disease, reflux, intolerances, food allergies, hepatitis

what organ is both in endocrine and digestive systeme?

pancreas

why is it important to maintain boundaries?

maintain the integrity of living system and mediate what goes in and out of cell

what is in the internal environmental?

extracellular fluid which surrounds cell and fluid in blood

what is the external environnement ?

surrounds the body, we cannot control, organism lives

extracellular fluid (ECF) vs intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid that is bathing the cells (blood plasma, interstitial- outside blood vessel and cell,cerebrospinal fluid, lymph) vs majority of fluid in body

2 types of movement

muscle movement and cell movement

what are the 10 requirements for life?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, energy transfer, excretion, reproduction, growth and development, maintaining homeostasis

what are the two external response to stimuli?

physical and chemical (5 senses)

what are the two exemples of internal response to stimuli?

bladder stretch and neurotransmitters

2 parts of metabolism?

catabolism (breakdown molecules) and anabolism (building molecules)

what is the purpose of energy transfer/ making ATP?

to fuel our cells

2 types of excretions?

waste product of metabolism (urea, carbon dioxide) and undigested/unabsorbed food (feces)

2 type of cell reproduction + 1 other type?

mitosis and meiosis, sexual reproduction

2 parts of growth in a zygote?

prenatal development and post natal development

what is homeostasis?

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment (equilibrium)

3 components of homeostasis

receptor, control center and effector

what does the receptor do?

detects and responds to stimuli

what does the control center (brain or gland) do?

control (decides) set point, receives input and determines appropriate response

what does the effector do?

receives output and causes a change in variables

positive vs negative feedback?

positive feedback amplifies change while negative feedback reduces change

positive feedbck?

increase the change or output (the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly)

negative feedback?

when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction (bring target closer to stability or homoestasis).

3 system involved in pH homeostasis

blood buffering system, respiratory system and urinary system

why is pH homeostatis critical to survive?

The activity of most chemical reactions via enzyme proteins is dependent on fluid pH.

pH

acid = 1-6, neutral = 7, base = 8-14

high concentration H+ = low pH

urine (acidic), saliva (neutral), blood (basic)

carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffering system

CO2 + H20 ← → H2CO3 ← → H+ + HCO3-

5 factors for survival

sunlight, water, air, habitat and food

define buffers

minimize changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution

define bicarbonate buffer system

chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood (aka) carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

what is gross anatomy (not by heart)

structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye

what is cytology (not by heart)

microscopic study of plant and animal cells

what is histology (not by heart)

study of the microscopic structure of tissue

what is panthology (not by heart)

causes and effects of diseases

what is microbiology (not by heart)

concerned with very small living things such as bacteria and their effects on people

what are the 3 characteristics of standard anatomical position?

body erect, feet slightly apart + parallel, arms hanging on side with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away

what are the 3 perpendicular planes

sagittal (midsagittal or parasagittal), frontal (coronal), transverse

what are the directional terms

superior vs inferior

anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)

medial vs lateral vs intermediate

proximal vs distal

superficial (external) vs deep (internal)

2 major skeletal divisions

axial (head, neck and trunk) and appendicular (arms, legs and attachment)

4 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity

right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

what are 2 body cavities (understand where each organ is)

ventral (pericardial, pleural, abdominal and pelvic cavities) and dorsal (cranial and vertebral)

body cavities flowchart

what is a body cavity?

fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs, separated by membranes and other structures

organic vs inorganic molecules?

organic compounds = mostly C and H (carbone backbone)

inorganic compound = substance dowsnt contain C and H (minerals and water)

4 roles played by ions (H+, O-, ect.)

electron transport, redox reactions, energy metabolism, maintaining osmotic pressure

3 major components of body fluid

water, electrolytes, nutrients

solutes (sub. dissolved in solution) + solvants (dissolving agent + water = universal solvant) = ________?

solutions

intramolecular + intermolecular bonds in H2O

 

7 functions of H2O in body

prevents sudden changes in temperature, solvent, hydrosis reactions, transport, cell volume/blood volume/blood pressure, flushes out waste, lubricates/cleans/protects

MAINTAINING FLUID BALANCE : what does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from brain do?

retain water + thirst mechaninsm that makes you cosume fluids when dehydrated

define dehydration

water loss exceeds water intake

define heat exhaustion

body overheating + heavy sweating

define heat stroke

body temp. even higher + no sweating + rapid pulse

where is water found?

ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF (extracellular fluid)

what are monomers?

small molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules by dehydration synthesis rx (anabolic) and hydrolosis rx can reverse process

what monomer is each macromolecule made up of?

monosaccharides (simple sugar) = carbohydrate

amino acids = protein

glycerol/fatty acids = lipids

nucleotides - nucleic acid

What is the function of carbs?

energy (immediate energy + energy storage) and found in other molecules (DNA)

define hydophilic (carbohydrates)

“water-loving”, tendency to be wetted in water, opposite of hydrophobic

what is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

monosaccharides = simple form carbohydrates, makes ATP

disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides (digests mono and bonded together)

polysaccharides = 3 or more monosaccharides

what is a monosaccharide found in blood and the most common compoment for larger carbohydrates?

glucose

define dextrose

glucose that is administered via IV

glucose vs sucrose vs glycogen

monosaccharide + simple carb

disaccharide + table sugar

polysaccharide + complex carb, excess glucose

2 hormone that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

glucagon (increases : glucogen → glucose) and insulin (deacreases : glucose → glycogen)

DIABETES : type 1 vs type 2

little or no insuline

insulin receptors not very sensitive to insulin/ don’t make enought insulin (obesity)

define glycemix index

a scale that ranks a carbohydrate-containing food or drink by how much it raises blood glucose after it is eaten or drunk