chapter 14

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128 Terms

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Cerebrum
Most volume; right and left hemispheres; separated by longitudinal fissure
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Cerebral hemispheres
Right and left hemispheres
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Gyrus (gyri)
Surface fold
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sulcus (sulci)
Indention
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corpus callosum
Large bundle of axons (white matter) that links the 2 hemispheres
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Rostral
Toward forehead (superior)
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Caudal
Toward spinal cord (inferior)
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Cerebellum
Inferior/caudal to cerebrum; rests in posterior fossa of skull
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Diencephalon
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus; deep (in center) mostly hidden by cerebrum
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Brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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dural sinus
Enlarged veins between the periosteal and meningeal layers
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dura folds
"seatbelts" for the brain meningeal layer folds inward, anchors brain
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Superior sagittal sinus
an unpaired venous structure that originates at the junction of the frontal and ethmoid bone, directly posterior to the foramen cecum close to the crista galli
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transverse sinus
runs laterally in a groove along the interior surface of the occipital bone
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falx cerebri
in longitudinal fissure
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Tentorium cerebelli
Between cerebrum & cerebelli
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falx cerebelli
Between right and left halves of cerebellum
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interventricular foramina
Connect them in the 3rd ventricle
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Cerebral aqueduct
Connects it to the 4th ventricle
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central canal
Extends into the spinal cord
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choroid plexus
Masses of capillaries in the floors and walls of the ventricles
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Ependymal cells
Line ventricles/canals and, thus, cover the choroid plexuses
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arachnoid villi (granulations)
Reabsorb CSF -\> superior sagittal sinus so it can be reabsorbed into the venous blood
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Hydrocephalus
Water on the brain
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Blood-CSF barrier
Tight junctions between ependymal cells covering choroid plexus capillaries
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blood-brain barrier
Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells; astrocytes -\> tight junction formation
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cerebral cortex
Gray matter, cerebral surface
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Stellate cells
Round somas, short axon, dendrites in all directions
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pyramidal cells
Tall and conical; only neurons with output from cortex; apical dendrite goes to brain surface; horizontal dendrites; axon goes to white matter
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Basal nuclei
Masses of gray matter deep within the white matter of the cerebrum
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limbic system
Gray matter structures around corpus callosum, medial side of both cerebral hemispheres
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cerebellar cortex
Surface of cerebellum; cerebellum 10% of brain weight but 50% of brain neurons
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Deep nuclei
Location of gray matter; in each cerebellar hemisphere
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granule cells
Tiny, abundant neurons
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Purkinje cells
Huge, globose neurons; dendrite forest
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Reticular formation
Loose web of gray matter
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arbor vitae
Axons connect cerebellum with spinal cord and rest of the brain (input and output)
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association tracts
Connect regions within same hemisphere; long association fibers between lobes; short association fibers between gyri
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Commissural tracts
Between cerebral hemispheres; mostly in corpus callosum; 2 hemispheres communicate
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projection tracts
Vertical; between higher brain and lower brain/spinal cord
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gracile and cuneate fasciculi
Pair of posterior ridges
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Pyramids
Anterior ridges with nerve fibers from the corticospinal tract
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corticospinal tract
Descending/Motor; carry signals from the cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles
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Olives
Inferior olivary nucleus; relays info (from brain and cord) to cerebellum
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Cerebellar peduncles
Stalks that connect cerebellum to medulla; contain tracts that transmit signals from spinal cord to cerebellum
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Pons
Relays impulses between higher and lower brain regions
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corpora quadrigemina
the four colliculi, two inferior and two superior, that sit on the quadrigeminal plate on the posterior surface of the midbrain
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Red nucleus
High density of blood vessels; works with cerebellum for fine motor control
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substantia nigra
Dark from melanin; produces dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter; regulates body movement
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cerebral crus
Contains corticospinal tracts
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Diencephalon
Made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus; deep (in center) mostly hidden by cerebrum
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Thalamus
⅘ of diencephalon; 2 oval masses superior to brainstem
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Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis
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Pineal gland
Makes up most of the epithalamus
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Melatonin
Secreted by pineal gland, increased secretion in the dark; used by some as a sleep aid
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Vermis
Between hemispheres
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Folia
Ridges, sulci between
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sensory homunculus
Postcentral gyrus; size of homunculus' part corresponds to area of cortex assigned for it; face and hands have more sensory receptors and cortex
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Somatotopy
Maps body area to Primary Motor Cortex
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Agnosia
Inability to recognize familiar objects
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Prosopagnosia
Can remember familiar faces, own face, in mirror
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multimodal area
Integrate many sensory inputs
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Central sulcus
Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, more specifically separates the primary motor cortex anteriorly from the primary somatosensory cortex posteriorly
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precentral gyrus
is the anatomical location of the primary motor cortex, which is responsible for controlling voluntary motor movement on the body's contralateral side
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postcentral gyrus
posterior to central sulcus; receives information from receptors for touch, pressure, stretch, movement, hot, cold, pain
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Motor homunculus
Precentral gyrus; size of homunculus' part corresponds to area of cortex assigned for it; face and hands have more cortex (small motor units)
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Dyskinesias
Movement disorders involving involuntary muscle movement
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Huntington disease
Genetic, neurodegenerative disease that affects basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
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Parkinson's disease
Substantia nigra not producing dopamine -\> less inhibitory effect of dopamine on basal nuclei -\> involuntary contractions
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cerebral palsy
Loss of muscle coordination because of damage to motor areas of the cerebral cortex during fetal development, birth, or infancy
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Ataxia
Lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movement; often involves problems with cerebellum; clumsy, awkward walking
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Wernicke area
In temporal lobe, usually left; responsible for understanding and recognition of language; formulates phrases, plan of speech -\> sends plan to broca area
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Aphasia
Language deficit caused by lesions in hemisphere with wernicke and broca areas
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Broca's area
In frontal lobe, same hemisphere as wernicke, usually left; plans muscle use to speak (-\> 1 degree motor cortex -\> larynx, tongue, lips, cheek)
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Cognition
Mental process of acquiring knowledge and using it (understanding, reasoning, problem solving etc
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)

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contralateral neglect
Unaware of objects or body parts on the contralateral side
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Learning

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Memory
Mammillary nuclei connect to hippocampus and thalamus
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explicit memory
Declarative memory, "words/numbers"
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Implicit memory
Procedural memory (ability to tie one's shoes); emotional memory (fear of a wasp)
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Amnesia
Defect in explicit memory
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retrograde amnesia
Cannot recall info they once knew
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Anterograde amnesia
Cannot store new info
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Alzheimer disease
Atrophy of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and other brain regions
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neurofibrillary tangles
Broken, twisted cytoskeleton in some neurons
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Senile plaques (beta-amyloid)
Proteins that should be broken down but instead accumulate in extracellular space
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EEG
Electrodes on scalp record surface electrical activity; useful for diagnosis and study of sleep disorders, metabolic problems, tumors, trauma, degenerative brain diseases
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Sleep
Controlled by interaction between cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and reticular formation
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Sleep paralysis
Inhibition of muscular activity (resembles coma but can be aroused by sensory stimulation)
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circadian rhythms
Cycles that sleep is a part of (events reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours)
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REM (paradoxical) sleep
Vitals increase, EEG like awake, harder to wake; about 5x a night, go back to stage 1-2
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Orexins
Neuropeptides that stimulate wakefulness (Low in narcolepsy - excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue)
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Concepts
Place structures in appropriate brain area
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Brain steum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
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Diencephalon
Thalamas
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
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Cerebellum
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Cerebrum
Cortex
5 lobes
Basal nuclei
Limbic system
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Describe the 3 meninges; how are they arranged differently from those around the spinal cord
Dura Mater-No epidural space, 2 layers of dura (periosteal and meningeal layer), only the meningeal layer continues into the vertebral canal
Arachnoid Mater-Transparent, subdural space (between dura and arachnoid, only in some spaces)
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Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia, filled with CSF)
Pia Mater-Microscopic, closely attached to the brain (follows sulci inward)