What is structuralism, and who are the major players?
a theory of psych to understand the structure of the mind. Introspection, nomothetics (structural model of mind),
William Wundt, Titchtener, Von Helmholts
What is functionalism & who are the major players?
Theory to understand how the mind and behavior work in aiding organisms adjust to the environment
William James.
Behaviorism
understand behavior as a product of observable phenomena, based on observation and experimentation
Pavlov & Watson & Skinner
John B watson applied objective analysis to study of animal behavior. Little Albert
Neurons
building blocks of the brain
Glial cells
give brain mass & substance. Also responsible for nutrient transmission, myelin production & break down of neurons.
Type 1 of neurons -- Sensory Mechanoreceptors
touch, heat/cool, chemical substance/taste. Bring info IN the nervous system
Type 2 of neurons -- Motor
operate motor system. Efferent, cells that exit the central nervous system and enter the periphery
Type 3 of neurons -- Interneurons
btwn afferent and efferent neurons. Brain & CNS. not myelinated.
Excitatory neurotransmitters
dopamine, epinephrine, glutamate
inhibitory neurotransmitters
serotonin, GABA, endorphins
Agonism
increases activity
Antagonism
inhibiting activity
Bottom of brain
simple motion
middle of brain
emotions, sleep, hunger, etc.
top of brain
higher order thought, cognition (neocortex)
Spinal cord/medulla
transmits activity to and from CNS, heart rate & respiration
Pons
relay btwn thalamus & cerebellum. Facial movements, nausea.
Midbrain
Senosry & motor processing
Thalamus
primary relay
Hypothalamus
bodily regulation, drive systems, mediating & manipulating behavior
Pituitary
master gland of endocrine system run by hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Movement coordination
Hippocampus
processing of memory (spatial memory)
Amygdala
emotional memory (feeling) tells us how important something is
Corpu callosum
connects left and right brain
the limbic system
basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum
4 lobes of neocortex & 2 hemispheres
left & right hemisphere. Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
inhibition, self awareness, goal oreintation, decision making. Pursuits (talk, walk, school, eat, shower) live by this plan how we do this Competing goals = we have to make decisions on what is important.
Temporal lobe
audition, olfacation, visual association, memory. Links past & present.
Damage to the left of temporal lobe =
spoken & written language recognition & production damage
Damage to right of temporal lobe =
non verbal recognition, processing, facial blindness
Parietal Lobe
seeing & organizing world, integration & spatial recognition of the self
Occipital lobe
visual processing of the world
Label parts of brain
thalamus, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus , cerebellum, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, pons, medulla, basal ganglia
Distress
stress that makes us feel bad
eustress
stress that promotes a positive state/growth. Athletic, cognitive challenges.
Stress is a process
we must assess and respond to situations we view as threatening, everyone responds differently
Avoidance-avoidance approach to stress
must choose btwn two undesireable goals
approach -- avoidance
must choose or not choose a goal that has both good and bad aspects
multiple approach avoidance
must choose btwn two or more goals each with good and bad
Lazarus & Folkman 1960’s -- Transactional Model of Stress
Primary appraisal process -- identifying if a stress is harmful or not. If it is harmless, there is no reason to experience stress. If it is harmful you must determine if/how to cope with it .
General Adaptation Syndrom
Hans Seyle. 1930s. Pressures from environment place strain on individual.
Alarm stage -- sympathetic nervous system is activated.
Resistance phase -- coping
Exhaustive stage -- crash after long term heightened resistance/alarm
Physiology of Stress -- Autonomic nervous system reaction
central network, collection of brain structures asses the environment internally & externally
Physiology of stress -- neuro endocrine reaction
two pathways, sympatho adreno meduallry (fast)
hypothalamaic pituitary adrenocortical (slow)
Assimilation
Respond/think about an object in a way that is consistent with one’s current way of thinking
Accommodation
when children modify or create a new scheme.
Scheme
behavior used to gather information about existing objects in the world
Schema
Stabilized information about objects in the world
Stages of Development Stage 1 -- Sensorimotor
0-2 years. Object permanence. If they can’t see an object, it doesn’t exist. S
Stages of development Stage 2 -- Preoperational
2-7 years. Children are egocentric, centration (things cant change and if they do they are not the same) and transfuctive thinking (magical thinking, animism, desires have an affect on the outside world)
Stages of Development Stage 3 -- Concrete operational thinking
7-11 years. Development of logical thinking. Reversibility & decentraion
Stages of Development Stage 4 -- Formal Operations development
11+ years. Abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning, personal fable & imaginary audience.
Secure Attachment
caregiver absent -- negative Caregiver returns -- positive
Avoidant attachment
Caregiver absent -- negative Caregiver returns -- negative
Ambivalent Attachment
caregiver absent -- positive/negative Caregiver present -- positive/negative (both behaviors driving)
Disorganized attachment
caregiver absent -- positive/negative Caregiver present -- positive/negative (no consistent pattern)
Self regulation
delay of gratification
Frontal Cortex
behavioral/emotional regulation (latest portion of neocortex to develop)
Theory of Natural Kinds
emotions are innate, biological basis, cross cultural, and across time. Consists of 6 fundamental emotions & FACS (facial action coding system)
6 fundamental emotions of theory of natural kinds
happiness
saddnes
anger
disgust
fear
excitement
Feelings
cognitive, personal, conscious, semi specific
Emotions
cognitive, conscious, expressive, highly specific, social
Affect
underlying bodily process associated with an emotional state (physical, unconscious, simple)
James Lange Theory of emotions
stimulus (external) -→ internal specific psychological state -→ emotion.
Canon Bard Theory of emotion
emotion can happen BEFORE a specific psychological state OR with it
2 Factor theory of emotion
stimulus -→ physical (general arousal state + cognitive environment/interpretation -→ emotion
Drives
needs and desires (hunger, sleep, sex, thirst, success, affiliation, enjoyment)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
self actualization (top of pyramid)
self esteem
belonging -- social ability, connection
Safety/security -- health, family
Basic needs -- food, water, shelter
Criticized because it does not necessarily work in a step by step leveled process (you can have family without food and water)
Self Determination theory
competence -- need to be effective in dealing with environment
human 3 basic needs -- autonomy, need control course of life,
Relatedness -- need to have close personal relationships with others
Extrinsic Motivation
experiences/activities done bc of outside influence (grades, threats)
good for simple behaviors,
action purely for reward or punishment
Identification
value external identification (showing up early to work bc you like to be seen as punctual = self identification)
Integration
focuses less on the outcome and more on the action being asked
Consciousness
awareness of everything going on around you & inside your head. Organize behavior, thoughts, sensations and feelings.
Waking consciousness
thoughts, feelings & sensations are clear & organized, feel alert
Altered state of consciousness
many daily activities. Fuzzy, disorganized thoughts.
Controlled processes
require conscious attention to a high degree (driving, taking notes) should only be done one at a time
Automatic consciousness
far less conscious level of attention (walking, brushing hair)
Biological ryhthms
natural cycles of activity that the body must undergo (sleep, menstruation, heart beat)
Circadian rhythm
a bodily rythm that takes a day to complete (sleep , wake cycle)
Sleep wake cycle is controlled by the
hypothalamus
Adaptive theory of sleep
evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active (why they sleep when they do)
Restorative theory of sleep
sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body . Replenishes chemicals & cellular damage when sleeping (why need to sleep )
Sleep is important for forming memories because
it enhances synaptic connections among neurons & plasticity of the brain , reduces activity of neurons associated with forgetting.
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)
eyes move rapidly under eyelids & person is typically experiencing a dream Vary little movement
Non rapid eye movement sleep (NREM)
any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM, body is free to move around
Beta waves
smaller & faster brain waves, indicate mental activity
Alpha waves
brain waves indicate relaxation/light sleep
Theta waves
early stage of sleep
Delta waves
long, slow brain waves, indicate deepest stage of sleep.
N1 Sleep/Light Sleep
wave activity increases, alpha wave fades. Hallucinations, not really aware you are asleep . Hypnic jerk
N2 Sleep Spindles
body temp drops, slowed heart, breathing shallow. Brief bursts of activity that help stimulate neural areas of memory for better recall.
N3 Deep sleep
delta waves. 50% brain activity. Growth hormones released from pituitary. Lowest body functioning level
Sleeps physical functions (NREM)
energy conservation, cell restoration
Sleep mental functions (NREM & REM)
memory consolidation, dreaming. Reduces oxidative stress, resotores energy levels.
Freud’s interpretation of dreaming
dreams as wish fulfillment. Dreams manifest as conflicts, events & desires of past will be presented in symbolic form.
Manifest content (freud)
actual content of the dream itself (climbing out of bathtub)
Latent (freud)
dream hidden meaning expressed in symbols (tub = womb = dreaming about being born)
Activation Synthesis hypothesis of dreams
dreams are created by higher centers of cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep. Pons sends random signals to upper brain during REM, thalamus recieves signals and sends to sensory areas of cortex, association areas of cortex respond to random activation by synthesizing them into dreams using memories from past & life experiences
Activation information mode model of dreams
revised version of activation synthesis. information accessed during waking hours can have influence on dreams. recent info from day/past few days rather than random memories fro the past.
Cognitive theory of dreams (calvin Hall)
most dreams reflect life events that occur in everyday life. Differencecs btwn age, gender, nationality