exam 1 history 101

prehistory - india

Culture

Way of life of a specific group.

Civilization

Culture with writing, cities, and specialized occupations.

Survival Needs

Requirements for food, shelter, and offspring care.

Law and Order

System to maintain peace and security.

Social Organization

Structure for communication and livelihood.

Knowledge and Learning

Methods to acquire knowledge from experiences.

Self-Expression

Artistic forms reflecting individual or group identity.

Religious Expression

Philosophical beliefs answering life's purpose.

Cultural Change

Evolving practices over time, positive or negative.

Influence of Environment

Environmental factors shaping cultural development.

History

Study of past actions through surviving evidence.

Prehistory

Period before written records existed.

Stone Age

Divided into Paleolithic and Neolithic eras.

Paleolithic Era

Old Stone Age, 400,000 years ago to 11,000 BC.

Neolithic Era

New Stone Age, 11,000 to 3500 BC.

Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle

Subsistence through hunting and foraging.

Egalitarian Culture

Society with equal status among individuals.

Council of Elders

Group assisting in decision-making processes.

Nomadic Tribes

Groups that do not settle in one place.

Gender Roles

Men hunt while women forage and care for children.

Language Development

Key advancement enabling complex social organization.

Concept of Afterlife

Belief in existence beyond death, evidenced by burial practices.

Horticulture

Early planting practices leading to agricultural development.

Agriculture

Farming practice enabling the rise of civilizations.

Food Surplus

Excess food production enabling population growth.

Occupation Specialization

Division of labor due to stable food supply.

Domestication of Animals

Taming animals for resources like milk and wool.

Stone Sickle

Tool invented for harvesting grains efficiently.

Disease Outbreaks

Increased diseases from close animal-human interactions.

Dependence on Harvest

Reliance on crops leading to vulnerability to disasters.

Stratified Society

Social hierarchy based on wealth and power differences.

Warriors and Priests

Powerful societal roles for defense and religious ceremonies.

Warfare and Defense

Increased conflicts leading to fortified village structures.

Institution of Slavery

Emergence of slavery as a societal structure.

Jericho

Earliest known neolithic village with 2500 population.

Mesopotamia

Region between Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq.

Cuneiform Writing

Sumerian writing system using clay tablets and wedges.

Pictographic Writing

Early writing using symbols for objects and ideas.

Irrigation

Water management system for enhancing agricultural productivity.

Bronze Age

Period marked by the use of bronze tools.

Bronze Composition

Alloy of copper and tin in 9:1 ratio.

Base 60 Counting System

Numerical system still used for measuring time.

Epic of Gilgamesh

First literary epic about seeking immortality.

Sargon of Akkad

King who conquered Sumer in 2331 BC.

Sophisticated Temples

Advanced religious structures requiring mathematical knowledge.

Sumerians

People who created the first civilization in Mesopotamia.

Semitic people

Group of related languages, not racial context.

Hebrew

Most spoken Semitic language today.

Arabic

Second most spoken Semitic language today.

Indo-European languages

Large family including European and Indian languages.

Sargon

Unified Sumer under centralized government.

Akkadians

People who adopted Sumerian culture under Sargon.

Babylonians

Great Mesopotamian empire, known for commercial power.

City of Babylon

Capital of the Babylonian empire.

Hammurabi

King known for Hammurabi's Code, 1792 BC.

Hammurabi's Code

One of the earliest written legal codes.

Legal consistency

Central idea of Hammurabi's Code for justice.

Marduk

Chief god of the Babylonians, promoted over others.

Nile River

Essential for Egypt's civilization and agriculture.

Flooding of the Nile

Occurs every September, fertilizes land.

Breadbasket of the ancient world

Egypt's role as a major grain producer.

Giver of Life

Nickname for the Nile, unlike unpredictable rivers.

Papyrus

Egypt's biggest export, used for scrolls.

Upper Egypt

Located south of Lower Egypt.

Lower Egypt

Located north of Upper Egypt.

Political communication

Facilitated by the Nile's strategic location.

Pharaoh

All-powerful governor and king of Egypt.

Distinctive civilization

Developed in peace due to geographical advantages.

Osiris

God of fertility associated with the Nile.

Polytheism

Worship of many gods in Egyptian religion.

Seth

Brother of Osiris who murdered him.

Isis

Wife of Osiris who resurrected him.

Horus

Son of Osiris, embodiment of pharaoh.

Menes

First pharaoh, unified Egypt around 3100 BC.

Old Kingdom

Period known for pyramid construction.

Cheops

Largest pyramid, built by 120,000 workers.

Social Mobility

Ability for individuals to rise in government.

Middle Kingdom

Period starting in 2080 BC, reduced pyramid building.

Hyksos

Invaders who ended the Middle Kingdom in 1640 BC.

Bronze Introduction

Hyksos' contribution to Egyptian technology.

New Kingdom

Period of Egyptian peak around 1570 BC.

Amenhotep IV

Pharaoh known for religious reform honoring Aten.

Akhenaten

Name change of Amenhotep IV, means 'devoted to Aten'.

Hittites

Militaristic people from Turkey, contacted Egypt.

Battle of Kadesh

Key battle leading to Egyptian-Hittite alliance.

Kassites

Powerful state allied with Egyptians and Hittites.

Sea Peoples

Raiding groups from Greece and Turkey.

Power Vacuum

Absence of dominant powers allowed smaller states to thrive.

Phoenicians

Prosperous city-states known for trade and navigation.

11th Century BC

Time when Phoenicians became greatest ship builders.

Alphabet

First system of written symbols developed by Semites.

Covenant

Agreement between Yahweh and the Hebrews.

Yahweh

The God worshipped by the Hebrews.

Canaan

Promised land for the Hebrews by Yahweh.

Saul

First king of the Hebrews, ruled 1000 BC.

David

Second king, known for military successes.

Solomon

David's son, king around 965 BC.

Samaria

Capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.

Jerusalem

Capital of the southern kingdom of Judah.

Assyrians

Conquered Israel in 721 BC.