socpysch final

im so screwed

Social Influence

when one person(the source) does something to get another person (the target) to engage in a certain behaviour. Results in: Attitude Changes, Compliance, Both or Neither

Persuasion

changing of beliefs, attitudes or behaviours through the use of information or argument

Communication-Persuasion Paradigm

The Source, The Message, The Target, The Response

The Source (CPP)

Source must be credible; expert, likeable, attractive, trustworthy

The Message (CPP)

based on fact (actual or perceived) or emotion, discrepant message

The Target

factors impacting persuasion: Intelligence, degree of involvement, personality, degree of focus/distraction

Obedience

recognition of a social system and authority figure

Factors impacting obedience

outward sign of authority, backing up threat of punishment

Deviant Behaviour

defying/violating societal and/or group norms

Anomie Theory

Merton; people guided by culturally appropriate goals and norms, strain occurs when goals cannot be obtained

Modes of Adaptation

Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

Innovation (Mode of Adaptation)

accept the goals, reject the means

Ritualism (Mode of Adaptation)

reject the goals, accept the means

Retreatism (Mode of Adaptation)

reject the goals, reject the means

Rebellion (Mode of Adaptation)

reject the goals and means, replaced with other goals and means

Control Theory

social control keeps us in line, dependent on strength of social ties (more strength=less deviance)

Social Bonds Theory

Hirschi; our bonds impact our likelihood to be deviant.

Components of Social Bond Theory

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

Differential Association Theory

Sutherland; criminal behaviour learned from primary groups through constant classical conditioning; deviance occurs due to our desires outweighing negatives of deviance

Differential Identification Theory

Glaser; we can learn from non-significant others (actual connection not required)

Labelling Theory

Becker; behaviours must be reacted to in a negative way to be considered "deviant"

Primary Deviance

the initial act of rule breaking

Secondary Deviance

the internalization of a deviant label & identity

Techniques of Neutralization

denial of responsibility, injury, victim, condemning of condemners, and appealing to a higher loyalty

Informal Labelling

Informal rules broken, informal social control

Formal Labelling

Labelled by formal agents of social control (police, judges, lawyers, medical workers, etc.) ; label is documented

Social Benefits of Formal Labelling

Point of Reference, Scapegoat to release tension, sense of community/solidarity

Group

social unit consisting of 2 or more people

Group members adhere to...

Membership (formal or informal), Interaction among members, shared goals, and shared norms

Group Cohesion

relies on strength of the ties & bonds of the group

Characteristics of Cohesive Group

strong ties, higher levels of commitment, higher levels of loyalty, sense of "we" positive vibes

Group Norms

unwritten rules that govern expected behaviours; helps to identify group identity

Group Think

Irving Janis; striving for group consensus & harmony by setting aside personal opinions and beliefs; failure to think critically

Symptoms of Group Think

Illusions of invulnerability, unquestioned beliefs, self-censorship, direct pressure

Causes of Group Think

high levels of group stress, similarity of members, insulated from rest of the environment, high levels of cohesion

Social Facilitation

people perform better with others (actual or imagined) as opposed to by themselves

Social Loafing

tendency for people to collaborate and individually perform less when working and being assessed in/as a group as opposed to by themselves

Deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and self-control of behaviours when in a crowd as opposed to by yourself

Prosocial Behaviour

actions that are considered to be beneficial to others and have positive outcomes

Altruism

belief that the well-being of others is greater than personal-wellbeing

Social Exchange Theory

cost-benefit analysis of our social interactions

Egoism

the tendency to see things in relation to oneself and helping because it benefits you

Characteristics of those we help

familiarity, similarity, likeability, deservingness of help

Social Responsibility Norm

socialization into understanding that it's a given to help

Norm of Reciprocity

helping those who help you

Aggression

actions where there is intent to harm another

Motivations for Aggression

Instinct, Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis, Aversive Emotional Arousal, and Social Learning

Situational Factors affecting Aggression

Potential Rewards, Modeling, Norms, Stress, Aggressive Cues

Reducing Aggressive Behaviour

Reducing frustration, Catharsis, and Punishment

Prejudice

a negative pre-judgment of a group and its individual members

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members

Stereotype

beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people

Implicit prejudice

an unconscious type of prejudice

Explicit Prejudice

a conscious type of prejudice

Sources of Prejudice

Inequality, Socialization, Ethnocentrism, sometimes Religion

Social Dominance Orientation

motivation for groups to achieve and maintain a higher social position

Motivations for Prejudice

Scapegoat Theory, Social Identity Theory

Scapegoat Theory

prejudice occurs due to a competition of resources and blames another group for the problems you face

Social Identity Theory

identity based on group membership, the process includes categorization, identifying, and comparing

Consequences of Prejudice

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Stereotype Threat

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

victims of discrimination internalize and blame themselves, believing and acting out prejudices

Stereotype threat

experience of self-confirming apprehension when in a situation where you will be judged based on negative stereotypes

Routes of Persuasion

central and peripheral

Central route of persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Peripheral route of persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Compliance

outwardly going along with the group while inwardly disagreeing

Primacy Effect

tendency for information that is presented first to have the most influence

Recency Effect

tendency for information presented last to have the most influence (not as common)

Sleeper Effect

A delayed impact of a message; occurs when we remember the message but forget a reason for discounting it.

Resistance

avoidance/refusal of persuasion

Forms of Resistance

Inoculation,

Forewarning,

Reactance

Inoculation

Exposure to weak discrepant info as well as counter arguments supported by target

Forewarning

warning target prior to act of persuasion

Reactance

'Boomerang Effect'; when persuasion goes too far, target acts forcefully

Conformity

changing one's behaviour or belief as a result of group pressure

Informational Influence

social influence based on others providing information about reality; tendency to conform on more difficult decision making tasks

Normative Influence

results from a person's desire to be accepted/liked; tendency to conform when responding publicly

Autokinetic Phenomenon

The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark; relevant to Sherif's experiment about norm formation

Primary Groups

type of group that is smaller, more enduring, and has more meaning

Secondary Groups

type of group that are larger, weaker ties, and not as much sentimental meaning

Group Polarization

group decision making strengthens the original inclinations of the individual group members

Evaluation Apprehension

concern for how others are evaluating us

Bystander Effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Bystander Intervention Factors

Noticing the situation, Interpreting situation as emergency, feeling of personal responsibility, belief that we can provide help, decision to act

Diffusion of Responsibility

in deciding whether we have to act, we determine that someone else in the group is more qualified

Physical Aggression

hurting someone else's body

Instrumental Aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Hostile Aggression

Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

Social Scripts

Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

theory that frustration leads to aggression

Aversive Emotional Arousal

aversive emotion (ex. anger, discomfort) is the cause of aggression, aggression reduces /eliminates negative emotions

Characteristics of the Targets of Aggression

Gender, Race, Intent, Retaliation

Catharsis

reducing aggressive arousal through aggressive acts (not always effective)

Implicit Association Test

assessment of implicit attitudes; uses reaction time to measure automatic association between objects and evaluative words

In-Group Bias

the tendency to favor one's own group

Out-Group Homogeneity Effect

the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another

Terror Management

people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources