socpysch final

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107 Terms

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Social Influence

when one person(the source) does something to get another person (the target) to engage in a certain behaviour. Results in: Attitude Changes, Compliance, Both or Neither

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Persuasion

changing of beliefs, attitudes or behaviours through the use of information or argument

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Communication-Persuasion Paradigm

The Source, The Message, The Target, The Response

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The Source (CPP)

Source must be credible; expert, likeable, attractive, trustworthy

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The Message (CPP)

based on fact (actual or perceived) or emotion, discrepant message

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The Target

factors impacting persuasion: Intelligence, degree of involvement, personality, degree of focus/distraction

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Obedience

recognition of a social system and authority figure

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Factors impacting obedience

outward sign of authority, backing up threat of punishment

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Deviant Behaviour

defying/violating societal and/or group norms

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Anomie Theory

Merton; people guided by culturally appropriate goals and norms, strain occurs when goals cannot be obtained

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Modes of Adaptation

Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

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Innovation (Mode of Adaptation)

accept the goals, reject the means

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Ritualism (Mode of Adaptation)

reject the goals, accept the means

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Retreatism (Mode of Adaptation)

reject the goals, reject the means

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Rebellion (Mode of Adaptation)

reject the goals and means, replaced with other goals and means

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Control Theory

social control keeps us in line, dependent on strength of social ties (more strength=less deviance)

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Social Bonds Theory

Hirschi; our bonds impact our likelihood to be deviant.

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Components of Social Bond Theory

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

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Differential Association Theory

Sutherland; criminal behaviour learned from primary groups through constant classical conditioning; deviance occurs due to our desires outweighing negatives of deviance

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Differential Identification Theory

Glaser; we can learn from non-significant others (actual connection not required)

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Labelling Theory

Becker; behaviours must be reacted to in a negative way to be considered "deviant"

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Primary Deviance

the initial act of rule breaking

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Secondary Deviance

the internalization of a deviant label & identity

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Techniques of Neutralization

denial of responsibility, injury, victim, condemning of condemners, and appealing to a higher loyalty

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Informal Labelling

Informal rules broken, informal social control

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Formal Labelling

Labelled by formal agents of social control (police, judges, lawyers, medical workers, etc.) ; label is documented

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Social Benefits of Formal Labelling

Point of Reference, Scapegoat to release tension, sense of community/solidarity

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Group

social unit consisting of 2 or more people

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Group members adhere to…

Membership (formal or informal), Interaction among members, shared goals, and shared norms

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Group Cohesion

relies on strength of the ties & bonds of the group

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Characteristics of Cohesive Group

strong ties, higher levels of commitment, higher levels of loyalty, sense of "we" positive vibes

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Group Norms

unwritten rules that govern expected behaviours; helps to identify group identity

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Group Think

Irving Janis; striving for group consensus & harmony by setting aside personal opinions and beliefs; failure to think critically

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Symptoms of Group Think

Illusions of invulnerability, unquestioned beliefs, self-censorship, direct pressure

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Causes of Group Think

high levels of group stress, similarity of members, insulated from rest of the environment, high levels of cohesion

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Social Facilitation

people perform better with others (actual or imagined) as opposed to by themselves

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Social Loafing

tendency for people to collaborate and individually perform less when working and being assessed in/as a group as opposed to by themselves

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Deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and self-control of behaviours when in a crowd as opposed to by yourself

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Prosocial Behaviour

actions that are considered to be beneficial to others and have positive outcomes

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Altruism

belief that the well-being of others is greater than personal-wellbeing

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Social Exchange Theory

cost-benefit analysis of our social interactions

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Egoism

the tendency to see things in relation to oneself and helping because it benefits you

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Characteristics of those we help

familiarity, similarity, likeability, deservingness of help

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Social Responsibility Norm

socialization into understanding that it's a given to help

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Norm of Reciprocity

helping those who help you

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Aggression

actions where there is intent to harm another

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Motivations for Aggression

Instinct, Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis, Aversive Emotional Arousal, and Social Learning

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Situational Factors affecting Aggression

Potential Rewards, Modeling, Norms, Stress, Aggressive Cues

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Reducing Aggressive Behaviour

Reducing frustration, Catharsis, and Punishment

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Prejudice

a negative pre-judgment of a group and its individual members

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Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members

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Stereotype

beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people

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Implicit prejudice

an unconscious type of prejudice

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Explicit Prejudice

a conscious type of prejudice

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Sources of Prejudice

Inequality, Socialization, Ethnocentrism, sometimes Religion

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Social Dominance Orientation

motivation for groups to achieve and maintain a higher social position

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Motivations for Prejudice

Scapegoat Theory, Social Identity Theory

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Scapegoat Theory

prejudice occurs due to a competition of resources and blames another group for the problems you face

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Social Identity Theory

identity based on group membership, the process includes categorization, identifying, and comparing

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Consequences of Prejudice

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Stereotype Threat

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

victims of discrimination internalize and blame themselves, believing and acting out prejudices

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Stereotype threat

experience of self-confirming apprehension when in a situation where you will be judged based on negative stereotypes

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Routes of Persuasion

central and peripheral

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Central route of persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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Peripheral route of persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

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Compliance

outwardly going along with the group while inwardly disagreeing

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Primacy Effect

tendency for information that is presented first to have the most influence

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Recency Effect

tendency for information presented last to have the most influence (not as common)

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Sleeper Effect

A delayed impact of a message; occurs when we remember the message but forget a reason for discounting it.

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Resistance

avoidance/refusal of persuasion

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Forms of Resistance

Inoculation,

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Forewarning,

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Reactance

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Inoculation

Exposure to weak discrepant info as well as counter arguments supported by target

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Forewarning

warning target prior to act of persuasion

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Reactance

'Boomerang Effect'; when persuasion goes too far, target acts forcefully

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Conformity

changing one's behaviour or belief as a result of group pressure

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Informational Influence

social influence based on others providing information about reality; tendency to conform on more difficult decision making tasks

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Normative Influence

results from a person's desire to be accepted/liked; tendency to conform when responding publicly

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Autokinetic Phenomenon

The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark; relevant to Sherif's experiment about norm formation

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Primary Groups

type of group that is smaller, more enduring, and has more meaning

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Secondary Groups

type of group that are larger, weaker ties, and not as much sentimental meaning

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Group Polarization

group decision making strengthens the original inclinations of the individual group members

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Evaluation Apprehension

concern for how others are evaluating us

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Bystander Effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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Bystander Intervention Factors

Noticing the situation, Interpreting situation as emergency, feeling of personal responsibility, belief that we can provide help, decision to act

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Diffusion of Responsibility

in deciding whether we have to act, we determine that someone else in the group is more qualified

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Physical Aggression

hurting someone else's body

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Instrumental Aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

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Hostile Aggression

Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

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Social Scripts

Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

theory that frustration leads to aggression

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Aversive Emotional Arousal

aversive emotion (ex. anger, discomfort) is the cause of aggression, aggression reduces /eliminates negative emotions

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Characteristics of the Targets of Aggression

Gender, Race, Intent, Retaliation

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Catharsis

reducing aggressive arousal through aggressive acts (not always effective)

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Implicit Association Test

assessment of implicit attitudes; uses reaction time to measure automatic association between objects and evaluative words

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In-Group Bias

the tendency to favor one's own group

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Out-Group Homogeneity Effect

the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another

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Terror Management

people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality

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Realistic Group Conflict Theory

theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources