Modern Biology Genetics

for normal bio

Dominant

the trait you see usually

Recessive

the trait you usually don't see

Genetics

study of how individuals inherit characteristics from their parents

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism - the letters

Phenotype

physical appearance as result of organisms genotype

Heredity

transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

Heterozygous

when two alleles in a pair are different "hybrid"

Homozygous

when both alleles of a pair are alike "pure"

Probability

likely hood that a specific event will occur

Monohybrid Punnett Square

a cross between individuals that involve 1 pair of contrasting traits

Dihybrid Punnett Square

a cross between an individual that involve 2 pairs of contrasting traits

Test Cross

an individual of an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive

Sex Linked Traits

presence of a gene on a sex chromosome

Pedigree

a family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

What is the law of segregation?

when paired factors seperate during the formation of reproductive cells and each reproductive cell recieves only one factor of each pair

Who is the father of genetics?

Gregor Mendel

What type of plant did Gregor Mendal study?

peas

What traits did Gregor Mendal look at?

he looked at pea color(seed), pea shape(seed), pod color, pod shape, flower color, flower location, plant height

What is the law of independent assortment?

it's when factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently

AA, is it homzygous or heterozygous and is it dominant or recessive?

homozygous, dominant

Aa, is it homzygous or heterozygous and is it dominant or recessive?

heterzygous, dominant

aa, is it homzygous or heterozygous and is it dominant or recessive?

homozygous, recessive

What is complete dominance?

dominant allele completely dominates over recessive allele

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

four o'clock flowers

What is codominance?

when both alleles show up at the same time (both are dominant)

What is a dihybrid cross?

a cross between an individual that involves 2 pairs of contrasting traits

What is the sex genotype for a women?

XX

What is the sex genotype for a man?

XY

What is the difference between a sex-linked and a sex-influenced trait?

sex linked are found on sex chromosomes and sex influenced are found on autosomes

What are two examples of a sex-linked trait?

colorblindess and hemophelia

What is an example of a sex-influenced trait?

pattern baldness

Why are colorblindess and hemophelia more common in males even though females carry them?

because in males only one gene is needed to express their trait

A male inherits a X-Linked trait from whom?

females

What is a polygenic trait?

a trait that is controlled by 2 or more alleles

What are examples of a polygenic trait?

skin color, eye color, hair color, and height

What is an example of a trait controlled by multiple alleles?

ABO blood, controlled by 3 alleles