APUSH Unit 4

Kill me

Southern Society

Oligarchy
Slavocracy or plantocracy: Those owning plantations and slaves had more power

Oligarchy

A few people are in power:
1733 families had over 100 slaves and power
Not justifiable

Planter aristocracy

Slaves not seen as citizens
Dominated state governments-help pass laws to stop abolition
Have generational wealth

Poor white farmers

Jefferson's “American Dream”- they hope to become a rich plantation owner
Racial alliance- stick together to have some power
Grateful to have a social class below them

Appalachians

“Mountain whites”
No benefit from slavery: DON'T SUPPORT IT
Resented planters

Upholding Slavery

Economy:
-King Cotton: was 2/3 of U.S economy, 99% of it from South
-Don't know what slaves will do, who will work, and the bad effect on economy

Cotton Gin

Machine that helps separate cotton from plants
Makes slavery for cotton industry even more viable
SLAVERY STAYS

Slavery Arguments

1. Economic
2. Social
3. Political-Leverage economical power to advantage in government

The Opposition

Abolition movements-movements to end slavery
Different forms:
American Colonization Society
American Antislavery Society
Liberty Party
Violent abolition strategy

American Colonization Society

enslaved persons freed and sent to Africa

American Antislavery Society

uncompromising; immediate abolition

Liberty Party

gradual phase out via laws

Violent abolition strategy

Enslaved persons should revolt

Spreading the Word

Newspapers
Autobiographies
Books
Illustrations and photographs
Interviews

Newspapers

The Northern Star: Frederick Douglas' newspaper.
Black Abolitionist
Targeted at kids to make kids abolitionist as well

Movement Location

Organized abolition rooted in North
-Some resistance
Non-organized in South

Organized Resistance

Founded in North
From Business Organizations to Political Parties: Organized things for abolition

Non-Organized

In South
Spontaneous slave revolts, etc.

Martin Van Buren

His success and failures are because of Andrew Jackson

Martin Van Buren Fails

Had to go through Financial Crisis
-Panic of 1837: caused in part by Jackson’s war on banks-less jobs, unemployment, etc.

Seminoles Revolt due to Indian Removal Act
-2nd Seminole War: Costed too much to cover it up

ONE TERM PRESIDENT

William Henry Harrison

Father of Modern Campaigning
Wins, then dies 30 days into office
VP John Tyler→10th President

John Tyler

Whig but believes in states rights form of government
Didn't like Nullification Act

Whig Party

Collective group of people that hate Andrew Jackson
Not all are politically aligned

Manifest Destiny: Texas

-Mexican independence → 1821
--Allowed Americans to bring slavery there for economy
---Americans outnumber Mexicans in Texas 3:1
-Statehood: Texas

Texas Problem

Slavery: Will it be a free or slave state?
Already many slaves
If kept as slave state, breaks Missouri Compromise

Manifest Destiny: Maine

Aroostook War
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)-Creates boundary

Aroostook War-

More of an international incident
--Handled diplomatically

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Creates boundary
Avoids conflict

Manifest Destiny: Oregon

Before: Treaty of 1818- joint custody with GB
---WAS ONLY SUPPOSED TO BE 10 YEARS
U.S and GB don't want to share
Ended in compromise\
49th parallel

Election of 1844

President Polk
Clay vs Polk
Battle of Manifest Destiny
CLOSE ELECTION

Henry Clay

Weird Position on Manifest Destiny
Thinks that the U.S should wait to annex Texas
Weird position cost him the NY Vote

James Polk

Won election
"Vote for me- get Texas"
Polk compromises for Oregon and 49th parallel
Mexican American War
---Gets U.S lots of territory

Mexican American War

Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate
--25 mill for Cali and Texas: Mexico declines

Rio Grande Crisis- Baited Mexicans into fighting
-Crushed them
Get Nevada, Texas, Cali, Utah, and more

Rio Grande Crisis

Manufactured by Polk so that he doesn't look like he started a war
Sent troops to Rio Grande to "Fortify": Is in Mexico's area
Mexico thinks U.S attacked: Killed 11 Americans
U.S Declares war; destroys them

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican Cession
--U.S gets shit: Nevada, Cali, Texas, Utah, etc.

Wilmot Proviso- a bill proposed to ban slavery in the newly annexed areas
--Gets rejected: INSTILLS FEAR IN SOUTH

Creates sectionalism: Support in certain regions, not the whole country

Cuba

Southerners viewed it as perfect place to expand
--Franklin Pierce(president) wants to as well
Ostend Manifesto- Meeting to get it; put in magazines
North outraged- creates distrust

Ostend Manifesto

Diplomatic meeting with Spain, France, and Britain to reason why U.S should get Cuba
Publishers publish it in Newspaper
Abolitionists outraged: South is keeping secrets
--Pierce doesn't go through
DAMAGES NORTH/SOUTH BOND

Baja California and Nicaragua

Walker Expedition(1853-1860)
--Filibuster/"Freebooter"
Take Nicaragua
Dream: Create a slavery empire in the West
Angers North Again

William Walker

Took a team of mercenaries and takes over land in the name of the U.S w/o U.S authorizing it
Dream: Create a slavery empire in the West where he is the king.
Takes Nicaragua for 10 years
Damages North/South relationship again

Gadsden Purchase

U.S wanted Arizona for creating a railroad
Bought it from Mexico for 10 million
Mutual benefit

California

Gold Rush (1849)
-Immigrants and 49ers
-Local governments overwhelmed-statehood necessary
-presented a constitution
--BANNED SLAVERY

California Impacts

Upset balance of slave vs non-slave states
Native Americans slaughtered for land

Act for the Government and the Protection of the Indians

Alienates Indians
Courts won't help Indians: imprisoned wrongfully
If Native American in Jail, must pay back in U.S currency
If Native American is bailed out of Jail by American, basically become that person's slave
Slavery in California basically

Compromise of 1850

California=free state
No more slave trade in D.C
Rest of Mexican Cession Area=slavery
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
Nobody is happy

Fugitive Slave Law

Law that facilitates the return of escaped slaves to their owner
ALLOWS NORTH TO SEE SLAVERY EFFECTS

Effects of Compromise

Neither are happy
South: Losing political power
North-Abolitionists outraged at fugitive slave law
BUYS UNION TIME→ RESENTMENT BUILDS
---North industrializes

Northern Nullification

Slavery becomes real to them
Distant issue → direct issue
Personal Liberty Laws → nullification
--BIG CONDRADICTION (didn't let South nullify)
Underground Railroad (1830s - 1860s)
--Black led(Harriet Tubman)- didn't save that much
--Symbolic- Makes South lose pride

Abolitionist Books

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
-Harriet Beecher Stowe
-Moral argument challenged apathy
Impending Crisis of the South (1857)
--Hinton R. Helper
--Economic argument

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852
Best selling book besides Bible
Fiction from the perspective of a slave→ appeals to morals
Banned by Southern Oligarchs
South made Aunt Phil's cabin as a rebuttal→ was unsuccesful

Impending Crisis of the South

(1857)
Economic argument-appeals to logic
Says that the economy is less advanced bc of slavery- Not industrializing
Says that it pushes small farmers out of work

Election of 1848

Lewis Cass (D)-seen as safe; not extreme but still slavery
--Popular sovereignty(ppl vote for slavery)
Martin Van Buren- Free Soil Party
--Abolitionist party-regional support
Zachary Taylor (Wh)
-War hero; Intentionally Vague on slavery-Won election

Zachary Taylor

Whig
War hero
Intentionally Vague on slavery
Won election-died 30 days into office
VP Millard Fillmore becomes president

Election of 1852

National parties weakening → sectionalism
Winfield Scott (Wh)-platform not aligned-divided Whigs
-Northern Whigs: opposed platform, accepted candidate
-Southern Whigs: supported platform, hated candidate
Franklin Pierce (D)
-Seen as safe vote for Democrats
-Shit on Scott in election
'52= DEATH OF WHIGS

Franklin Pierce

Democrat
War hero
Known as worst president of all time; did nothing to aid North vs South feud

Stephen Douglas

Opens old wounds
Wants to develop the West by adding states
Slavery???

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Repeals Missouri Compromise
Kansas and Nebraska admitted by popular sovereignty
"Bleeding Kansas"-people move to Kansas/ Nebraska to vote-
--Becomes violent-shows popular sovereignty is not viable
--Pierce goes MIA

Brooks vs Sumner

Preston Brooks-HoR
Sumner-Abolitionist Senator
--Calls out people for beef: Mentioned one of Brooks' family members
--Brooks beats up Sumner-he had to go to Europe to survive

North-View Sumner as hero
South-View Brooks as hero-take pieces of Sumner's cane and wear it as a necklace
TURNING POINT: IRREPERABLE DIVIDE

The Third Party System

Republican party emerges
--Made of Free Soilers, anti-slavery Whigs and Northern Democrats
-A NORTHERN/WESTERN party
Initially moderate-look to stop expansion of slavery

Election of 1856

James Buchanan (D) vs. John Fremont (R)
-Good loss: Got 114 votes in 1st election as a party
Shows that Republican party is here to stay
--PAVES WAY FOR LINCOLN

Dred Scott vs Sandford

(1857)
Scott- slave; sued for his freedom
Ruling: Black man can’t be a citizen → cannot sue
Missouri Comp. was unconstitutional
*Slaves could be brought into free states and held
North doesn't listen
South questions the point of being in Union

Election of 1860

Democratic Party Splits in Two
-Stephen Douglas for North → Pop. Sov. & support Fugitive Slave Law
-John Breckenridge for South → expansion and annexation
Lincoln Wins because of division
SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES

Secession Effects

Buchanan does nothing
Crittenden Compromise
Fort Sumter (1861)

Crittenden Compromise

6 new amendments including…
Reinforced protections for slavery in south → Congress cant attack it, no future amendment could attack it
Personal Liberty Laws(laws to stop Fugitive Slave Law)=unconstitutional→ repealed
REINSTATES MISSOURI COMPROMISE

Fort Sumter

(1861)
Federal fort claimed by seceded South
Lincoln reinforces it → challenge to south
Either accept or attack → ATTACK
STARTS CIVIL WAR

Memminger beliefs

North Carolina can leave
Law of Compact
-Handling of Fugitive Slave Law → broken compact
If slavery is abolished —> the equal rights of all states are lost
-Fed. gov. is trampling Southern rights

Lincoln beliefs

North Carolina can't leave
Governments → perpetual(never ending)
No “self-destruction” in constitution
Leaving Union does not make it “more perfect”

Union Advantages

Military → population(22 mil to 5 mil), infrastructure, the navy
Economic → 85% of factories, 65% of farmlands (food), banking
Political → strong central gov., popular leader
--Easy to organize
Transportation: More railroads → can transfer supplies faster

Confederacy Advantages

Military → defensive conflict: only need to outlast, not win
geographical advantages-On their ground: know it better
Economic → “King Cotton” provides money; opportunity to get support from the British
Political → clear motivation: Slavery

Confederacy Disadvantages

States rights ideology works against war effort
-Each state has different ideas: don't work well together
Less numbers

Union Goals

Goal → preserve Union (not abolition)
-Unconditional surrender: Only way to win

Leadership: Union

President: Abraham Lincoln
Revolving door of Generals:
Winfield Scott - “architect”
George McClellan - slow
Ambrose Burnside - brash
Ulysses S. Grant - strategic
William Tecumseh Sherman - total war

Confederacy Goals

Goal → establish the Confederate States of America (CSA)
-Fight back aggressive North
Outlast them, not win: War of attrition

Leadership: Confederacy

President: Jefferson Davis-Less power bc of state's rights government
Strong Military Leadership
Robert E. Lee
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Both are arguably the best- Union wanted them at first but they declined

Union Strategy

1. Blockade of Southern ports → “Anaconda Plan”
2. Divide CSA at the Mississippi River- cuts off Western half
3. Be aggressive!- What Lincoln wanted

Confederate Strategy

1. War of Attrition → outlast
2. Get help- King Cotton to get Britain
3. Be defensive!

Scope of War

Lincoln still trying to frame the war as if to save the Union
Wants to keep the border states: Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware

Fight For Freedom

Confiscation Acts (1861/62)
-Using “chattel slavery” against the South
-If land taken over, slaves come with the land

Confiscation Acts

1861/62
-Using “chattel slavery” against the South
-If land taken over, slaves come with the land
Emancipation Proclamation
-Issued after Battle of Antietam (1862)

Battle of Antietam

1862
Lots of soldiers lost
Big win for Union
Reason for Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

Frees slaves IN CONFEDERACY
-Border states not threatened but starts the furthering of Lincoln's agenda

Emancipation Proclamation Effects

Slaves in CSA states were freed
--Many join Union military
Reframed the war → fight for unity AND freed
Shut the door on Britain helping the CSA
-Bad look if they support the side with slavery

Lincoln Control

Total war → life is changed
Suspension of writ of habeas corpus
Conscription Act (1863)
-Voluntary to draft
-New York Draft Riots (1863)
Executive action
-Raised troops/money without congress

New York Draft Riots (1863)

A bunch of Irish people attack black people because they don't want to fight
--Some people die

Conscription Act (1863)

Less people volunteer for war→ draft for war
-Rich people could get out of it by paying a bunch of money

Suspension of writ of habeas corpus

No need for evidence to put people in jail
--Probable cause
13k people locked up for being "spies"
Most arrested at the border states

Economic Changes

Republican congress capitalizes
--Moriff Tariff (1861)
--Homestead Act (1862)
--Pacific Railway Act (1862)
--National Banking System (1863)
Industry stimulated, millionaires created

Moriff Tariff

1861
Protect Industry/ raise money
EASILY PASSED
-South couldn't object because they left

Homestead Act

1862
Small plots of land allocated to small farmers

Pacific Railway Act

1862
Railway from East to West Coast
Connects both sides of the U.S

National Banking System

1863
Facilitated the selling of war bonds
-Invest in U.S

Sherman’s March

Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
--“scorched earth”
--TAKE GEORGIA

Election of 1864

--McClellan vs. Lincoln
Easy Lincoln dub

End of the War

Surrender at Appomattox
--South exhausted
Realize that they are weak: surrender

Civil War Impacts

Deadliest war in US history
Cost $15-20 billion
End of Hamilton vs Jefferson: Hamilton Wins- U.S→ industrial
-NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION NO LONGER CONCERN

Aftermath of the Civil War

620,000 dead Americans
4,000,000 newly-freed African Americans
11 defeated Confederate states

Reconstruction: Lincoln

“South never left”
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
-“10% plan”
-Amnesty oath
PASSED THE 13TH AMENDMENT

10% plan

10% of the vote from people in South makes them formally join Union
Amnesty Oath: Can only vote if they swear to not revolt

Wade-Davis Bill

1864
“50% plan”
Ironclad oath
POCKET VETO'D

50% plan

50% of vote needed to be added back to the Union

Ironclad Oath

To vote, people must not revolt or must not have revolted before.
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