Biology II - Exam 3 Study Set

1. symmetry and body plans

2. bioenergetics and thermoregulation

3. tissues

The 3 key aspects of animal body plans

radial symmetry

a type of symmetry where body [arts are arranged around a central axis; they can be bisected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane

bilateral symmetry

a type of symmetry where the body has right and left halves that are mirror images

evolution of multicellularity

bigger organisms have more cells instead of larger cells so that cells can maintain their surface area to volume ratio

evolution of tissues

Parazoa lack defined tissues and organs whilst Eumetazoa have distinct and well-defined tissues

bioenergetics

the idea that energy from nutrients is used in the animal body to fuel anabolic reactions; nutrients are converted into ATP; a part of 1 of the 3 key aspects of animal body plans

Basal Metabolic Rate

the average amount of energy used by an organism in a non-active state

sagittal plane

a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

parasagittal

a plane that divides the body into uneven right and left portions

midsagittal plane

a plane that divides the body exactly in the middle, making two equal right and left halves

frontal/coronal plane

a plane that separates the front from the back

transverse/horizontal plane

a plane that divides the animal into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

oblique plane

a plane where the transverse/horizontal plane is cut at an angle

1. epithelia

2. connective

3. muscles

4. neurons

4 main types of animal tissues

Epithelial tissues

one of the 4 main types of animal tissues which line cavities, open spaces, and surfaces; can also secrete things (like mucous); are derived from the endoderm

Connective Tissues

one of the 4 main types of animal tissues which connect tissues together, provide support; are derived from the mesoderm

Muscles

one of the 4 main types of animal tissues which generate movement; are derived from the mesoderm

Neurons

one of the 4 main types of animal tissues which consists of neurons and neuroglia and generate and send electrical signals; are derived from the ectoderm

1. squamous

2. cuboidal

3. columnar

4. transitional

4 types of Epithelial Tissue

simple squamous epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is flat and an irregular round shape

2. found in the lung alveoli and capillaries

3. help keep things out

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is flat and an irregular round shape

2. found in the skin, mouth, and vagina

cuboidal epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is cube shaped with a central nucleus

2. found in glands and renal tubules

simple columnar epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is tall and narrow in shape with a nucleus located toward the base

2. found in the digestive tract

pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is tall and narrow in shape with a nucleus located toward the base

2. found in the respiratory tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is tall and narrow in shape with a nucleus located toward the base

2. found in the respiratory tract to secrete mucous and trap particles

goblet cells

a type of columnar epithelial tissue that produces mucous

transitional epithelial tissue

1. epithelial tissue that is round and simple but appears stratified

2. found in the urinary bladder

3. helps with the stretch response

stretch response

the feeling of needing to pee that is triggered by transitional epithelial tissue expanding in the bladder

ground substance

a matrix consisting of living cells and a nonliving substance that makes up connective tissues; fibroblasts are found here

1. loose/areolar

2. dense, fibrous

3. cartilage

4. bone

5. adipose

6. blood

6 types of connective tissues

cartilage

1. a type of connective tissue that is made by chondroblasts and it’s cells are called chondrocytes

2. are made with collagen fibers

3. are located in shark skeletons, fetal bones, human ears, and intervertebral discs

bone

1. a type of connective tissue that is made by osteoblasts and it’s cells are called osteocytes; can be broken down by osteoclasts

2. are made with collagen or elastin fibers

3. are located in vertebrate skeletons

adipose

1. a type of connective tissue where it’s cells are called adipocytes

2. are made with few fibers

3. are located in fat

4. store energy and insulate the body of animals

blood

1. a type of connective tissue that is made up of RBC’s and WBC’s

2. are made with no fibers

3. are located in blood

1. smooth

2. skeletal

3. cardiac

3 types of muscle tissues

smooth muscle tissues

1. a type of muscle tissue that has no striations and utilize involuntary control

2. are located in visceral organs

skeletal muscle tissues

1. a type of muscle tissue that has striations and utilizes voluntary control

2. is located in skeletal muscles

cardiac muscle tissues

1. a type of muscle tissue that has striations and utilizes involuntary control

2. is located in the heart

striations

stripes located in muscle tissues that are due to microfilaments

1. actin

2. myosin

the 2 proteins that make up microfilaments

neuroglia/glial cells

supportive cells that send action potential (messages) and create myelin sheaths

dendrites

extensions of neurons that receive messages from other cells

axons

the long tail that neurons use to send messages (action potential)

action potential

messages sent by neurons

myelin

a protein that gives white matter its white appearance

acclimatization

an aspect of homeostasis/thermoregulation that changes in one organ system to maintain a set point in another organ system; for example, some animals shed their coats as a result of seasonal changes

negative feedback loop

an aspect of homeostasis/thermoregulation that counteracts any internal changes (reverses the direction of the change); most biological systems are on this

positive feedback loop

an aspect of homeostasis/thermoregulation that maintains and potentially strengthens the response to a stimulus; not many biological systems are on positive

hypothalamus

the part of the brain responsible for thermoregulatory control

1. radiation

2. convection

3. conduction

4. evaporation

the 4 ways temperature is maintained

radiation

the emission of electromagnetic heat waves from the sun; 1 of the 4 ways temperature is maintained

convection

currents of air the remove heat as air passes over; 1 of the 4 ways temperature is maintained

conduction

heat transfer between surfaces through direct contact; 1 of the 4 ways temperature is maintained

evaporation

the removal of heat with a liquid; 1 of the 4 ways temperature is maintained

herbivores

animals whose primary food source is plant-based

carnivores

animals whose primary food source is other animals

obligate carnivores

animals who rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients

facultative carnivores

animals who rely on non-animal food in addition to animal food but generally do best eating animals

omnivores

animals that eat both plant and animal derived food and do well eating either

gastrovascular cavity

an incomplete, single opening digestive tract where food enters and exits through the same opening (ex: planarian)

alimentary canal

a complete, two openings digestive tract where food enters through one opening and exits through another (ex: earthworm)

crop

a structure in the avian digestive system that stores food

proventriculus

a structure in the avian digestive system that provides chemical digestion via enzymes

gizzard

a structure in the avian digestive system that provides mechanical digestion via grinding

cloaca

one opening of the avian digestive system where both urine and feces exit the body from

rumen and reticulum

structures in the ruminant digestive system that contain prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fiber

omasum

a structure in the ruminant digestive system where cud is swallowed into and that removes water from it

abomasum

a structure in the ruminant digestive system where enzymes produced by the animal help digest cud; is the most similar to the stomach of a monogastric

2

the number of incisors located in a quadrant of the Human Oral Cavity

1

the number of canines located in a quadrant of the Human Oral Cavity

2

the number of pre-molars located in a quadrant of the Human Oral Cavity

3

the number of molars located in a quadrant of the Human Oral Cavity

salivary amylase

an enzyme that initiates starch digestion in the mouth

deglutition

swallowing

bolus

a mass of chewed food and saliva