B 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 Cells

types of proteins in membrane

integral and peripheral

functions of proteins

cell to cell communication

cell recognition

adhesion

trasport (chanels, carries)

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

A hypotonic solution will make a cell go turgid

An isotonic solution will make no change

A hypertonic solution will make cell plasmolised

Ion gated chanels

ligand get

acetylcholine gated channels

acetylcholine will bind to receptor

this will open the chanell allwoing sodium ion to flow in

voltage gated ions

as charge of cytoplasm increases in neuron

the channel will open

realsing sodium ions inside of the cell

faciliated transport

channels = hydrophobic pores

carriers = changes shape

sodium potassium pump

3 sodium ions will enter a pump

ATP will bind, then diphosphorilation will occur

changing the shape of the carrier

one phosphate will remain attached

The sodium is released against concentration to the outside

2 potassium will enter the carrier

the last phosphate will detach chnage in the shape

the potassium wil be released to the inside of the cell

roles of glycoproteins

cell recognition and cell adhesion

draw fluid mosaic model

glycoproteins

cholesterol

peripheral and intergal proteins

The cholesterol effect on temp

it will stabilise, keep fluid in cold and keep ridgide enough in warm

sodium dependant glucose cotransporter

Secondary active transport

Will occur in the nephron

As a high concentration is established by the sodium-potassium pump

Sodium and glucose will bind to the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter

Sodium will pass through the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter and due to the electrochemical energy generated by sodium passing through, glucose will be pulled against the gradient as well

CAMs

Cell adhesion molecules

compartmentalisation of nucleus

characteristic of eukrayots

allows for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA before it meets ribosomes

In prokaryotes, mRNA is not modified before going to the ribosome

This advantage is good as it decreases the translation erros hence increases the efficiency of protein synthesis

compartmentalisation of cytoplasm + case

allows for specific metabolities needed in specific processes to be in high concentrations allwoing for more efficent metabolism

example of this are lysosomes, filled with destructive enzymes, thwy would be harmfull to the cell if not compartmentalised

Ribosomes structure

made of rRNA and proteins

smaller + bigger subunit

membrane bound ribosomes and free ribosomes will produce proteins used in the cell

ribosomes on the endoplsmic reticulum will be secreted out of the cell

golgi aparatus

vesicles for the RER, for exampl ewill enter the Golgi apparatus from the cis side, inside it will be modified and packed back into a vesicle, it will exit through the trans side and will be sent to the mebrane for exocytosis

exosytosis through the membrane

clathrin is a protein on the membrane

it will help bend the membrane where a molecule has been attached to a receptor

stem nich

An ytarea where there will be a high concentration of stem cells

hair folicle or bone marrow

types of stem cells

totipotent = into anything, present in erly embryo

pluripotent into almost everything, present in embryo

Multipotent = a limited range e.g., bone marrow can form only types of blood cells, present in adults

unipotnet can form only one specific cell, present in adults

surface area to volume ratio cases

A erythrocyte will have a biconcave shape to allow a high surface area and will not have a nucleus

Cells at the proximal convoluted tubule will have many microvilli to increase surface area, will have high amounts of mitochondira for active transport, cube shape to optimise size

lung aveoli

penumocytes type I:

thin and plat allowoing small diffusion distance of oxygen to capillaries

squeezed to not allow fluid from capillaries to enter

95% of aveolus

penumocites type II:

secretes pulmonary surfactant to decrease surface tenion

disssolved oxygen is better diffused

cardiac muscle fibers

one nucleus per cell

branched

skelletal muscel cells

long

multiple nuclei per cell

composed of myosin and action allowing for contraction

visible bands

sperm vs egg

sperm:

small

haploid

falgelum

high mitochondria at the flagellum

many

egg:

produced before birth

large

haploid

round