Bio Chem Exam #4

enzyme whose endergonic nature depends on keto-enol tautomerism

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

enzyme whose endergonic nature depends on keto-enol tautomerism

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

pyruvate kinase

exported compound during high levels of beta oxidation which allosterically activates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

citrate

product of the adrenal cortex that activates PEPCK and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase expression

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

cortisol

mitochondrial enzyme using a biotin cofactor

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

pyruvate carboxylase

redox enzyme that forms a thioester bond to substrate

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

GAPDH

source of GTP for PEPCK

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

succinyl coA synthetase in the CAC

gluconeogenic enzyme requiring especially high levels of ATP

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

phosphoglycerate kinase

enzyme with a high Km for glucose which invests an ATP for retention in the Islet beta cell

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

glucokinase

allosterically inhibits pyruvate kinase

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

alanine

compound whose low energy drives the exergonic nature of the production of "profit" ATPs during glycolysis

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

3-phosphoglycerate

enzyme with a low Km for glucose which invests an ATP for retention within the muscle cell

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

hexokinase

anchoring transcription factor for the GRs bound to weak GREs whose function is negated by Akt/PKB action

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

Fox01

cytoplasmic gluconeogenic enzyme using a biotin cofactor

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

PEPCK

reduced form of OAA that is channeled to the cytoplasm to feed gluconeogenesis

alanine

citrate

cortisol

FoxO1

GAPDH

glucokinase

hexokinase

malate

PEPCK

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

pyruvate carboxylase

pyruvate kinase

succinylCoA synthetase in the CAC

malate

Match from CAPS to: PEPCK

G

Match from CAPS to: PYRUVATE KINASE

F

Match from CAPS to: HEXOKINASE

A

Match from lower case letters to: pyruvate

j

Match from CAPS to: LDH

J

Match from lower case letters to: glucose

a

Match from CAPS to: FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE

K

Match from lower case letters to: NADH

r

Match from lower case letters to: ATP

m

Match from lower case letters to: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

d

Match from lower case letters to: acetylCoA

u

Match from lower case letters to: ADP

n

Match from lower case letters to: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

e

Match from lower case letters to: GDP

s

Match from lower case letters to: fructose-6-phosphate

c

Match from lower case letters to: NAD+

o

Match from lower case letters to: lactate

g

Match from lower case letters to: oxaloacetate

Match from lower case letters to: oxaloacetate

k

Match from lower case letters to: glucose-6-phosphate

b

Match from lower case letters to: phosphoenolpyruvate

i

Match from CAPS to: PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE

H

Match from lower case letters to: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

f

Match from lower case letters to: AMP

v

Match from CAPS to: GAPDH

D

Match from CAPS to: PFK-1

C

Match from CAPS to: GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE

B

Match from lower case letters to: 3-phsophoglycerate

h

Match from lower case letters to: GTP

t

Match from CAPS to: PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE

E

decarboxylates a three-carbon alpha keto acid, reducing NAD+ with the bond electrons, and producing a thioester bond of the remaining two-carbon product to CoA

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

PDH

hydrolyzes a thioester-bonded six-carbon intermediate in a highly exergonic standard state reaction

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Citrate synthase

performs simple hydride transfer reduction of NAD+ combined with decarboxylation in an exergonic standard state reaction

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

isocitrate dehydrogenase

decarboxylates a five-carbon alpha keto acid, reducing NAD+ with the bond electrons, and producing a thioester bond of the remaining four-carbon product to CoA

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

phosphorylyzes a thioester-bonded four-carbon compound to produce an acyl-phosphate that participates in substrate-level phosphorylation

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

succinyl-CoA synthetase

inner membrane complex that conducts a redox reaction as part of the CAC to donate electrons directly to the ETS

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

succinate dehydrogenase

performs simple hydride transfer reduction of NAD+ in a highly endergonic standard state reaction

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

malate dehydrogenase

uses high energy electrons to both pump matrix protons and loading matrix protons on a ubiquinol to carry them to the intermembrane space

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex 1)

uses a covalently-bound FAD to donate CAC electrons and matrix protons reduce of ubiquinone

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

succinate dehydrogenase

delivers ubiquinone protons to the intermembrane space and electrons to multiple cytochrome-c-s

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

uses cytochrome-c provided electrons to reduce molecular oxygen to produce low energy water

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

cytochrome c oxidase

in order, each of the ten c subunits of the merry-go-round of ATP synthase first donate a proton from its _____ to the matrix when it comes into contact with the a subunit's half channel to the matrix

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

aspartic acid

the c subunit become negatively charged at first contact with a subunit because of its deprotonated ______

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

aspartate

movement of the merry-go-round is powered by the attraction of the negatively charged c subunit to _____ at the end of the a subunit's half channel from the intermembrane space

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

arginine

The a subunit's ____ protonates the c subunit and is itself re-protonated from protons delivered to it by the half channel from the intermembrane space

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

arginine

the turning of the merry-go-round turns a _____ cam-shaft which produces the changes among the three states of the three alpha/beta dimeric enzymes that synthesize ATP

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

gamma subunit

ADP + Pi bind to the ____ during ATP synthase action

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

alpha/beta subunit L state

a water molecule is withdrawn and trapped as ATP is synthesized in the _____ of ATP synthase

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

alpha/beta subunit T state

a water molecule is withdrawn and trapped as ATP is synthesized in the _____ of ATP synthase

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

alpha/beta subunit T state

a parallel beta sheet is disrupted by the spinning camshaft to release ATP and water in the ____ of ATP synthase

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

alpha/beta subunit O state

in the water trap of ATP synthase what interacts with the polar H's of water?

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

glutamate

in the water trap of ATP synthase what interacts with the polar O of water?

Citrate synthase

PDH

Cytochrome b-c1 complex (III)

Aspartic acid

Gamma subunit

Alpha/beta subunit T state

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate dehydrogenase

Cytochrome c oxidase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha/beta subunit L state

Arginine

Malate dehydrogenase

Lysine

Alpha/beta subunit O state

Aspartate

Glutamate

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

lysine

When a cytoplasmic NADH is worth 2.5 ATPs in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, matrix OAA is exported to the cytoplasm as _____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

aspartate

When a cytoplasmic NADH is worth 2.5 ATPs in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, cytoplasmic OAA is imported into the matrix as reduced _____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

malate

When a cytoplasmic NADH is worth 1.5 ATPs, it is first used to reduce _____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

DHAP

When a cytoplasmic NADH is worth 1.5 ATPs, electrons are donated to the ETS at the inner membrane by _____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

glycerol 3P

In response to active thyroid hormone (T3), the protein _____ is produced to activate non-productive movement protons back through the mitochondrial inner membrane to the matrix.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

UCP1

During thyroid hormone (T3) leakage of protons, the compound _____ is channeled from the matrix to the intermembrane space where it becomes protonated, and returns through the membrane to the matrix to deprotonate.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

butyrate

In response to non-productive movement of protons back through the inner membrane to the matrix, reduced chemiosmosis leads to the production of heat due to increased activation of the _____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

ETS

In response to non-productive movement of protons back through the inner membrane to the matrix, reduced chemiosmosis leads to an increase in ____ which signals glucose uptake and activation of PFK1.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

AMP

The rate of chemiosmosis is regulated mainly by the concentration of _____ which represents cytoplasmic energy demand.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

ADP

In response to hyperglycemia, sensitive cells decrease the rate of chemiosmosis by decreased levels of ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

ADP

During hyperglycemia, there is an abnormally large supply of electrons in the ETS, which with low matrix protons leads to the overproduction of _____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

Semiequinoes

Semiquinones most directly activate the production of ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

superoxide

SOD converts superoxide into ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

hydrogen peroxide

The major method of removing hydrogen peroxide within the cell is by reducing it with hydrides donated by a pair of cysteines in the protein ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

peroxiredoxin

Oxidized peroxiredoxin is reduced by ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

thioredoxin

Apoptosis signaling kinase-1 is prevented from forming its activating homodimeric, disulfide-bridged state by the formation of a competing disulfide-bridged heterodimer with ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

thioredoxin

When supplies of reduced thioredoxin levels are lowered by ROS demand on the cell, Ask1 will phosphorylate ____ which unmasks the binding site found on the protein Bim.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

JNK

Phosphorylated Bim removes ____ from the mitochondrial outer membrane leading to Bax-induced apoptosis.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

BCl2

The most potent allosteric activator of PFK1 is _____ which acts to directly tetramerize that enzyme.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

PKA-phosphorylated PFK2 produces the product ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

Fructose 6-phosphate

Insulin-stimulated action of PP1 on PFK2 causes it to produce the product ____.

aspartate

AMP

UCP1

DHAP

ETS

glycerol 3P

butyrate

malate

hydrogen peroxide

Semiequinoes

superoxide

peroxiredoxin

thioredoxin

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

BCl2

JNK

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Identify in the circle using CAPS: GAPDH

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

M

Identify in the circle using CAPS: FAS

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

B

Identify in the circle using CAPS: malic enzyme

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

H

Identify in the square box using lower case letters: gluconolactone

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

k.

m.

n.

o.

p.

r.

c.

Identify in the square box using lower case letters: OAA

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

k.

m.

n.

o.

p.

r.

o.

Identify in the square box using lower case letters: pyruvate

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

k.

m.

n.

o.

p.

r.

m.

Identify in the circle using CAPS: ACC

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

G

Identify in the circle using CAPS: elongase

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

F

Identify in the circle using CAPS: desaturase

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

C

Identify in the square box using lower case letters: palmitate

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

k.

m.

n.

o.

p.

r.

g

Identify in the circle using CAPS: HMGCoA reductase

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

J

Identify in the square box using lower case letters: malonylCoA

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

k.

m.

n.

o.

p.

r.

i.

Identify in the circle using CAPS: pyruvate carboxylase

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

M

D

Identify in the square box using lower case letters: HMGCoA

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

k.

m.

n.

o.

p.

r.

r.