Test 4

Flashcards covering the key topics from the anatomy and physiology review lecture.

What percentage of body weight does blood account for?

Approximately 8%

What is the pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

What is the average blood volume for males?

5-6 L

What is the average blood volume for females?

4-5 L

What is the approximate circulation time for RBCs?

4 months

What are erythrocytes?

Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles, filled with hemoglobin.

What is hemoglobin's function in gas transport?

Transports O2 to tissues and CO2 to lungs

What substances does the circulatory system transport?

O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat

What elements of the blood provide protection?

WBCs, antibodies, and platelets

What process occurs in red bone marrow?

Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

Which cells give rise to all blood cell types?

Hemocytoblasts

What is unique about leukocytes compared to other blood cells?

They are the only blood cells considered complete cells.

What percentage of total blood volume do leukocytes make up?

1%

What is the function of platelets?

Blood clotting for vessel repair

What are the three major functions of the lymphatic system?

Immunity, lipid absorption, and fluid recovery

What is the function of the immune system?

To protect the body from pathogens

What are the two major divisions of the immune system?

Innate (nonspecific) and Acquired (specific)

What does the body's first line of defense consist of according to the notes?

Intact skin and mucosa

What occurs during the inflammation process according to the notes?

Macrophages such as monocytes phagocytose foreign invaders.

How do lymphocytes react to a pathogen after it is ingested by a macrophage?

Lymphocytes become sensitive to that specific pathogen.

Where do B-lymphocytes function?

Body fluids such as blood

Where do T-lymphocytes function?

In infected cells

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

What are antigens?

Specific foreign substances that mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response

Which lymphocytes oversee humoral immunity?

B lymphocytes

Which lymphocytes facilitate cell-mediated immunity?

T lymphocytes

What is the role of helper T cells?

Activation of B cells, other T cells and macrophages

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Directly attack and kill other cells

What do plasma cells do?

Secrete antibodies

What do memory cells do?

Enable quick response to subsequent encounters with same antigen

How do exocrine glands secrete their products?

Into ducts that carry these products elsewhere in the body

How do endocrine glands secrete their products?

Directly into the bloodstream

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

Controls many endocrine glands and regulates the endocrine system through its direct connection to the pituitary gland

Which two hormones does the poterior pituitary gland store

ADH and oxytocin

What is the function of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

What is the function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

What is the function of Gonadotropic hormones?

stimulate gonads to produce sex cells and hormones

What is the function of Prolactin (PRL)?

stimulates mammary glands to develop and produce milk only after childbirth.

What is the function of Growth hormone (GH)?

promotes skeletal and muscular growth.

What hormone is abnormal in the image?

Growth Hormone

What is the function of the Thyroid?

Important in the production of:Thyroid hormone (TH) which regulates metabolism. Calcitonin which helps lower blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating the deposition of calcium in the bones.

What causes an increase in heat production with increased ATP consumption?

Calorigenic effect

What kind of tissues does the adrenal cortex control?

Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids

Which hormone regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?

Cortisol

Which hormone regulate salt and water balance?

Aldosterone

What hormone does the the pancreas produce?

Insulin and Glucagon

What are the male gonads?

testes

Where are sperm produced?

within the scrotum

What is the function of the scrotum?

Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity containing paired testicles.

What is testosterone?

secondary sex characteristics.

What effect does estrogen have on the body?

Increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the hips and breasts Widening and lightening of the pelvis Growth of axillary and pubic hair Enhances bone formation with vitamin D

What are the female gonads?

ovaries

What are the oviducts?

move eggs and normal site of fertilization

What is the Uterus?

normal site of implantation and fetal development

What does the cervix do?

opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth

What does the sex cromosome XX and XY represent?

XX = female , XY = male