Unit 8 Part 2

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Psychology

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37 Terms

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psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
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biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
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eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
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resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
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transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
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psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
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insight therapy
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
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client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as *active listening* within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
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active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy
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unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
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behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include *exposure therapies* and *aversive conditioning*
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exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as *systematic desensitization* and *virtual reality exposure therapy*, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
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systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
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virtual reality exposure therapy
a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
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averse conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
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token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
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cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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rational-emotive behavior therapy
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior
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group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
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family therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
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meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
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therapeutic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem
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psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
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antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
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anti anxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
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antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are *selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors— SSRIs*.) 
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electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
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psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
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resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
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posttramautic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises