Semester one topics

reflexive pronouns

• me

• te

• se

• nos

• os

• se

subject pronouns

• yo

• tú/vos

• él/ella/usted

• nosotros

• vosotros

• ellos/ellas/ustedes

direct object pronouns

• me

• te

• lo/la

• nos

• os

• los/las

indirect object pronouns

• me

• te

• le (se)

• nos

• os

• les(se)

direct object use

• is the reciever of the action

• “he bebido cerveza” - the beer is the direct objects and is directly impacted by the drinking

indirect object use

• the action is indirectly effects the object

• “i bought 345 lemons in the fruit bowl “= bold is direct , underlined is indirect

• except the pronouns

• “le pedí a tu hijo pequeñoque me lo contara”

personal a

• if the action of the verb lands on a person, it is necessary to add the preposition “a”

• “he visto a luis” i have seen luis

• it is difficult to distinguish the difference between indirect objects

• “le mandé la cartaa mi madre” bold is direct , underlines is indirect

formula for the traditional passive voice

subject + ser(conjugated)+ participle+ agent

example of the traditional passive voice

el perro fue atropellado por el coche = the dog was hit by the car

use of the traditional passsive voice

• not used often except in written media

• generally in the preterate, indefinate or perfect, rarely in the present

• more common in english than spanish

the difference of the passive voice from english to spanish

“he was sent a present” doesnt work in spanish so it would have to be “a present was sent to him” or “they sent him a present”

passive voice with se formula

se+ conjugated verb in the 3rd person +subject

use of the passive voice with se

• more impersonal, never use the agent

formula to talk about vague subjects

1. passive voice with se

2. verb in the they format

3. no exact subject so use “la gente” or “uno”

the involuntary

• an involuntary action

• mentions who affected the action

• eg: “la cocinero ha quemado la comida” - mentions who has done it

3 imperative moods

1. the ondication or declaration or announcement

2. the subject isnt declared

3. the imperative = to order or to give advice

uses of the imperative

• to give orders

• to give adive

• pleas and petitions

• to give permission

• to give instructions

• to offer something

when to use the imperative

• when directly talking to someone

people in the imperative

• tú

• usted

• nosotros

• vosotros

form the imperative mood takes generally

present subjunctive

imperative mood endings

• tú= es/as → a/e

• vosotros= eis/ ais → d

imperative mood nosotros use

• to suggest a group of which we are a part of

• basically means lets+ verb

positions of pronouns in the imperative

behind the verb

first indirect object , second direct object

eg: traemelo

position of pronouns in the negative imperative

• go in front and are seperate

• first indirect second direct

• no se lo enseñen

• le/les → when the indirect object appears next to the direct object

structure of Haber

• used with nouns and objects that aren’t defined or established

• spacial localisation+hay+personas

structure of Tener

with objects, people and places

structure of estar

with determined nouns+estar+specified location

use of Haber

to express the existence of objects,people,places, and sentences without subjects

use of Tener

to indicate that someone or something owns, contains or understands objects people and places

use of Estar

usede to locate or a person in a determined place

combinations with Haber

• common nouns with an article

• indefinate articles liek un,una,unos,unas

• numbers

• Alguien , algo , alguno ,nadie, nada, todo lo que, mucho, poco, ninguno

combinations with Estar

• proper nouns

• definite articles

• demonstratives and posessions

• personal pronouns

use of the indefinidos

• they’re words that express a quantity or the existence of an unspecified ammount

• most frequent ones are: Un, algún alguno, ningún , ninguno, poco, mucho, demasiado, todo , alguein, nadie, cual quiera

• indefinites finction as determiners when they come before a noun

• they function as complements when they follow the noun

• they function as a nuclei when they substitute the noun

definition of los posesivos

determinants and adjectives that indicate belonging or posession

what are los posesivos

• those that go before the noun which are stressed “tú casa”

• those used in other positions “una prima mía”

posessive tones with nouns

Mi	Tu	Su	Nuestro	Nuestra	Vuestro	Vuestra
Mis	Tus	Sus	Nuestros	Nuestras	Vuestros	Vuestras

posessive tonics

Mio	Mios	Tuyo	Tuyos	Suyo	Suyos	Nuestro	Nuestra	vuestra	Vuestro
Vuestras	Mia	Mias	Tuya	Tuyas	Suyas	Suyas	Nuestras	Nuestros	Vuestros

3 prepositions and their meaning

Hasta= until, as far as

ante, delante de= in front of/ faced with

entre= between, among

position of preposicion

• always appear in front of a relative sentence not behind

• spanish prepositiobs can never go at the end of a question

the preposition “a”

• indicates a movement

• always with an indirect object

• with tener and querer there is usually no replacement with the direct object. when there is, the meaning of the phrase changes

• EG: quiero un hombre= i want a man. quiero a un hombre= i love a man

• only used for people not places

definition of “de”

“of” or “from”

uses of “De”

• origin

• membership

• material

• compoun names

• ‘sobre’

• epoca

definition of “desde”

means “from” or “since”

emphasises the idea of distance more than de

definition of Para

finality (para que )

definition of por

cause of motivation

uses of por

• causa+ nombre

• lugar

• to complete the agent

• in situations

• price

uses of para

• finality

• time

• lugar=direction

• opinion

pronouns that go after the prepositions

• after a preposition we can use all pronouns subject except yo and tú

Mi

Ti

El/ella/ustedes

Nosotros 

Vosotros

Ellos/ellas

Ustedes

general uses of Ser

it serves as a way to define the essence of the subject

general uses of Estar

responds to questions of the subject like how it is or where it is

two exclusive uses of Ser

1. to define the subject with a name, pronoun, infinitive , or number

2. ser+de= origin, material, posession, property

two exclusive uses of Estar

1. estar+gerund

2. estar de+ types of phrases

the spacial contrast between Ser y Estar

• Ser indicates the spacial or temporary situation of an event

• Estar indicates any other spacial situation

the contrast between Ser and Estar to give judgements

• Ser is always used when the subject is impersonal (to give judgements)

• except in cases which use Estar, bien,mal and their synonyms

the contrast between Ser and Estar for date and time

• Ser indicates date and time

• Estar indicates only the date

the contrast between ser and estar for price

• Ser indicates the price of something

• Estar indicates a changing price

the contrast between Ser and Estar for jobs

• Ser indicates work for a person who identifies with or as their job

• Estar+de indicates what the subject performs

contrast between Ser and Estar for the passive voice

• Ser indicates the action in the passive voice

• Estar indicates the result of the passive voice

change in meaning when using Ser or Estar

• ser moreno= dark/ estar moreno= tanned

• ser claro= bright / estar claro= clear or obvious

Verbos de estado

• To clarify or identify = ser , paracer

• To situate or place something = estar , permanacer , hallarse

• To indicate posession = tener , haber, pertenecer

• To indicate knowledge = saber , conocer, opinar

action verbs

• To indicate transformation= construir, pintar

• To indicate movement = entrar , salir , ir , saltar

• To indicate verious activities= vender, llorar , leer , comer , trabajar

the imperfect is…

narration of repeated habits or events

the indefinate is…

main narration of events

imperfect narration is…

secondary narration simultaneous to other actions in the imperfect that occur at the same time

• Yo leía y tú dormías = I read and you slept

Las perfíasis verbales formula

verb (in the personal form, usually conjugated) + verb (not personal: infinitive or Gerund)

formulas to express duaration

• Llevar + gerund = to have been doing something + a time period

• Seguir + gerund = to carry on doing something with no usual reference to time

• Seguir /Continuar + sin + infinitive = to still not be doing somethin

• Estar + gerund = to be doing something

formulas to express the start of an action

• Estar punto de + infinitive = to be about to do something

• Empezar a + infinitive = to start doing something

• Comenzar a + infinitive = to start doing something

• Ponerse a + infinitive = to start doing something

• Escucharse a + infinitive

• Romper a + infinitive

formulas to express the end of an action

• Acabar de + infinitive = to have just done something

• Dejar de + infinitive = to stop doing something

formulas to express reiteration

Volver a + infinitive = to do something again

formulas to express obligation

• Tener que + infinitive = to have/need to do something

• Deber + infinitive = to must do something

• Hay que + infinitive = one has to do something

formula to express estimation or suspicion

• Deber de +infinitive = must do something

the preterito perfecto indicate…

a past action ending in a current time frame

to talk about events that have occured until now

the preterito indefinido indicates

a past action finished in an unspecified time that has ended

refers to periods of time that have already ended