Bio Quiz 1 Unit 3: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex linked diseases, blood types, gel interpretation, and pedigrees

punnett square

A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross between two individuals, illustrating the possible allele combinations of offspring. It applies rules of probablility that predict that outcome of a genetic cross. It helps to determine observable traits.

Genotype

The allelles of a person’s gene. Ex: 50% Aa

Phenotype

The physical characteristics that occur from a genotype. Ex: 50% blue eyed

gene

a unit of heredity which goes from the parent to the offspring and determines the charactersistcs of the offspring

Allele

The different forms of a gene

complete dominance

gregor mendel’s theory with dominant and recessive alleles. Ex: RR, Rr, rr

Homozygous

It can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive, but either way there is no carrier. In other words, the individual has two identical alleles for a trait. Ex: TT. Ex: tt.

Heterozygous

An individual having two different alleles for a trait. Ex: The individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, such as Aa.

Multiple alleles

Multiple alleles control 1 trait

Blood types

The human blood types are blood type A, B, AB, and O. It is controlled by Codominance and multiple alleles. There are two dominant alleles: I^A and I^B, and one recessive allele: i.

Blood Type A

The genotype is I^A I^A or I^Ai. It can donate blood to types AB and A. It can recieve blood from types A and O. It has the antibody Anti-B and a A antigen.

Blood Type B

This genotype is I^BI^B or I^Bi. It can donate blood to AB and B. It can receive blood from blood types O and B. It has the antibody Anti-A and a B antigen

Blood Type AB

This genotype is I^AI^B. It can donate blood to blood type AB. It can receive blood from A, B, AB, and O (universal reciever). It has no antibodies and A and B antigens.

Blood Type O

This genotype is ii. It can donate blood to A, B, AB, and O (universal donor). It can receive blood only from type O. It has the antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B, and no antigens.

dominant allele

the gene that masks the recessive gene; represented by a capitol letter

recessive allele

the masked gene; represented by a a lowercase letter

Incomplete dominance

a mixed trait is possible, portraying a blended characteristic. Ex: C exponent R, C exponent W

Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed, showing a mix. Ex: RW

sex-linked inheritance

the traits that are created by sex linked inheritance. Male: XY. Female: XX. Allele is like an exponent on each chromosome

amount of chromosomes in humans

In humans, the twenty-third pair is the sex chromosomes, while the first 22 pairs are called autosomes

In sex linked inheritance, females are more often ________ than males

carriers

Pedigrees

diagrams that show the inheritance of traits in a family across generations, used to analyze genetic disorders and relationships. Similar to a family tree.

Autosomal

a disease/condition that affects males and females equally

X-linked

a disease/condition that affects males more than females, because it is sex linked

Dominant

a disease/condition that is found in every generation

Recessive

a diesease/condition that skips a generation

sign for males

square

sign for females

circle

sign for affected person

filled shape, darkly shaded

sign for carrier person

half-shaded circle or square, pale gray

sign for unaffected person

a blank circle or square

line of marraige

the line between a square and a circle that indicates a union between partners in a pedigree chart.

Lane

A, B, C, D, E, F, G

Band

Colored lines

Well

white lines on top

If there are a lot of bands, they can be used as a ___________ to compare the sizes of the bands

reference

The section of the gel sample that is negatively charged

the DNA

If bands are lighter colored, then an _______ has occured

error

If there are more nucleotides, the bands are ________, meaning they will move slower and be higher up. If there are less nucleotides, the bands are ________, lighter, meaning they will move faster and farther down

heavier; lighter

electrophoresis

the running of gels

how to show siblings in a pedigree chart

a line and bracket going from the line of marraige