Anatomy Lab exam 3

neuroglia cells

supportive cells
non-conducting

neuroglia in CNS

Astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

neuroglia in PNS

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

astrocytes

blood brain barrier
guide neuron pathways

Microglia

modified white blood cell
phagocytosis
"Pruning" -old nerve fibers to make room for new ones

ependymal cells

ventricles
produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-cavities in brain

oligodendrocytes

produce myelin in CNS
formed from extensions from cell

Satellite

protects cell body (1)

Schwann Cells

makes myelin in PNS (2)

Neurons

Functional Unit
Conducting Cells
least numerous

Grey matter CNS

Nucleus (group of cell wipes)

Grey matter PNS

Ganglion (group of cell bodies)

White matter in CNS

tract (group of axons)

White matter in PNS

nerve (groups of axons)

Afferent/ sensory

to CNS

Efferent/ motor

from CNs

interneuron

between sensory and motor

multipolar neuron

most common
multiple dendrites
one axon

Bipolar

one dendrite
one axon
special senses

unipolar

one projection from cell body
splits
-central
-to CNS
-peripheral
-away from CNS

fascicles

multiple endoneurium (3)

endoneurium

wrap around fiber (1)

perineurium

around fascicles (2)

epineurium

around whole thing (4)

constrictions divide neural tube

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

central canal (embryonic development)

cavity in center of neural tube
ventricles

secondary vesicles (embryonic development)

week 5
5 regions

prosencephalon (forebrain) turns into

telencephalon and diencephalon

mesencephalon (midbrain) turns into

mesencephalon (brain stem: midbrain)
cerebral aqueduct

rhombencephalon (hindbrain) turns into

metencephalon and myelencephalon

telencephalon is

cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
lateral ventricles

diencephalon is

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina
third ventricles

metencephalon is

brain step: Pons
cerebellum
fourth ventricle

myelencephalon is

brain stem: medulla oblongata
fourth ventricle

Gyrus

1

sulcus

2

fissure

3

Thalamus

sensory relay

hypothalamus

endocrine system
autonomic system
rage/ aggression
hunger/ thirst
basal instincts

epithalamus

pineal body/ gland
(melatonin)

midbrain

corpora quadrigemina
-superior colliculi (visual- move head and neck to visual stimuli)
-inferior colliculi (auditory- move head and neck to auditory stimuli)

Pons

relay sensory and motor tracts

medulla oblongata

cardiovascular and respiratory centers

Cerebellum

posterior aspect
"little brain"
coordination
fine motor skills

Cerebellum- vermis

middle part

cerebellum- arbor vitae

"tree of life"
branches inside cerebellum

frontal lobe

voluntary motor
two lobes because two hemispheres
covered by frontal bone

parietal lobes

somatosensory
-pain, pressure, tickle

temporal lobes

auditory

occipital lobes

vision

longitudinal fissure

front to back
(anterior to posterior)

central sulcus

left to right on top
-separates frontal from parietal

precentral gyrus

frontal lobe
-gyrus anterior (infront) to central sulcus

postcentral gyrus

parietal lobe
-gyrus posterior (behind) central sulcus

corpus collosum

arch abone the thalamus and hypothalamus

Auricle

external ear
lobe

external acoustic meatus

external ear
auditory canal

tympanic membrane

external ear
ear drum (high-low frequencies)

malleus

middle ear
hammer

incus

middle ear
anvil

stapes

middle ear
Sturrup

pharyngotympanic tube

eustachian tube

round window

near stapes

oval window

near malleus

cochlea

inner ear (bony labyrinth)
snail shell shaped
extends from vestibule
basilar membrane
-floor of cochlea duct
-support spiral organ
cochlear branch of nerve VIII runs from spiral organ to brain

three chambers of cochlea

scala vestibule
cochlear duct
scala tympani

scala vestibule

abuts oval window
contains perilymph

scala media (Cochlear duct)

contains endolymph

scala tympani

terminates at round window
contains perilymph

inner ear

cochlear duct
utricle
saccule
semicircular ducts
CN VIII vestibulocochlear

equilibrium

reponse to various movements of head
rely on unput from inner ear, eyes, and stretch receptors

vestibular apparatus

equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule

vestibular receptors

static equilibrium (not moving)

semicircular canal receptors

dynamic equilibrium (moving)

eyelid

thin skin covered fold
protect anterior eye

eyebrow

over lie supraorbital margins
shade eye from sunlight

lacrimal gland

lacrimal gland, canal, sac
drains into nose (causes you to blow your nose when crying)

nasolacrimal duct

tears

conju

transparent mucous membrane
produces a lubricating mucous secretion
covers exposed surface of eye
-minus cornea
conjunctivitis (pink eye)

sclera

opaque posterior region (white part)
protects and shapes eyeball
anchors extrinsic eye muscle
posteriorly where optic nerve exits, sclera is continuous with dura mater of brain

cornea

transparent part of fibrous layer
anterior 1/6th
clear window
lets light enter
bends light
numerous pain receptors
-blinking and tearing reflexes

choroid

posterior portions
supplies blood to all layers of eyeball
brown pigment absorbs light to prevent scattering of light

ciliary process

capillaries secrete fluid for anterior segment of eyeball

ciliary muscles

smooth muscle bundles that control shape of lense i

iris

colored part of eye
lies between cornea and lens
continuous with ciliary body

pupil

central opening that regulates amount of light entering eye

pigmented layer of retina

single-cell-thick lining next to choroid
covers ciliary body and iris
functions: absorbs light and prevents its scattering

neural layer of retina

transparent
runs anteriorly to margin of ciliary body

rods

dim light, peripheral vision receptors
more numerous and more sensitive to light than cores
no color vision or sharp images
numbers greatest at periphery

cones

vision receptors for bright light
high-resolution color visions

lens

biconvex
transparent
flexible
avascular
changes shape to precisely focus light on retina

anterior segment

divided by iris

anterior chamber

between cornea and iris

posterior chamber

between iris and lens

aqueous humor

plasma like fluid continuously formed by capillaries of ciliary processes

posterior segment

contains vitreous humor
-transmits light
-supports posterior surface of lens
-holds retina firmly against wall

frontal lobe

two lobes because two hemispheres
voluntary motor

parietal lobes

somatosensory
-pain, pressure, tickle

temporal lobes

auditory

occipital lobe

vision