Bipolar Disorder

bipolar disorder

manic episode: abnormal, persistently elevated mood along with rapid speech, increased motor and speech activity, irritability, distractibility, decreased sleep, grandiose ideas, possibly hallucination and delusions

hypomania

at least 4 days of elevated/irritable mood combined with over activity

bipolar I

at least one manic episode is accompanied by history of one or more major depressive episodes

bipolar II

major depressive disorder accompanied by at least one hypomanic or milder manic phases

bipolar patho

unclear; dysregulation in dopamine and serotonin systems

dopamine linked with reward centers

decreased sensitivity of serotonin receptors

limbic cortical dysfunction

hyperactivity of amygdala along with above average volume

diminished activity of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

smaller volume in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, anterior cingulate

elevated amygdala

emotional sensitivity

impaired planning, goal pursuit

low capacity to regulate emotion

when are individuals less sensitive to negative stimuli?

during mania