Studied by 1 person
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object, typically measured in grams or kilograms.
Atoms
The basic units of a chemical element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Subatomic particles
Particles that are smaller than an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Inert
Not chemically reactive.
Inert gases
Gases that do not readily react with other substances.
Reactive
Chemically active; likely to undergo a chemical change
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Chemical bonds
The force of attraction that holds atoms or ions together
Compound
A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
Ionic bonds
Bonds formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.
Covalent bonds
Bonds formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Nonpolar molecules
Molecules in which the electron sharing produces no localized positive and negative regions
Single covalent bond
A bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons
Double covalent bond
A bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons
Polar molecule
A molecule with a net dipole as a result of opposing charges.
Polar covalent bonds
A type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally between atoms.
Hydrogen bond
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction.
Chemical notation
A system of symbols and notation conventions used to represent chemical reactions
Formula
A way of expressing information symbolically.
Balanced equation
A chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
Activation energy
The minimum quantity of energy that a reactant must possess to undergo a specific reaction.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
Catalysts
Substances that increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process.
Metabolic pathway
A series of chemical reactions in a cell.
Exergonic
Reactions that release energy.
Decomposition
A type of chemical reaction in which one reactant breaks down into two or more products.
Hydrolysis
A chemical in which water is used to break down a compound.
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined together with the removal of a water molecule.
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones.
Equilibrium
A state in which the forward and reverse reactions balance each other out.
Exchange reaction
A type of chemical reaction in which parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled to produce new combinations.
Ionization
The process by which an atom or molecule acquires a positive or negative charge by gaining or losing electrons.
Electrolytes
Substances that disassociate into ions in solution and have the ability to conduct electricity.
Dissociation
The breaking apart of a compound into its individual ions in solution.
Hydration sphere
The cluster of water molecules that surrounds an ion in a solution.
Colloid
A mixture in which one substance is divided into minute particles and dispersed throughout a second substance.
Suspension
A mixture in which particles are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but settle out over time
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water; water-loving.
Hydrophobic:
Lacking an affinity for water; water-fearing.
Hydrogen ion (H+)
A positively charged ion formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron.
Hydroxide ion (OH-)
A negatively charged ion made of one oxygen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom.
pH
A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.
Acidosis
A condition in which the blood's pH is below 7.35
Alkalosis
A condition in which the blood's pH is above 7.45.
Acidic
Having a pH less than 7.
Neutral
Having a pH of 7
Basic
Having a pH greater than 7.
Alkaline
Another term for basic; having a pH greater than 7
Hydrochloric acid
A strong acid commonly found in the stomach
Base
A substance that can accept a proton (H+) from another substance.
Sodium hydroxide
A strong base used in various industrial applications
Carbonic acid
A weak acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.
Bicarbonate ion
An ion that acts as a buffer in the blood, helping to maintain a stable pH
Salt
A compound formed when an acid reacts with a base
Buffers
Compounds that prevent drastic changes in internal pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions (H+).
Buffers
Substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution, thus stabilizing the pH
Carbohydrate
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a 1:2:1 ratio; serve as a primary source of energy for organisms.
Monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrates, e.g., glucose and fructose.
Glucose
A monosaccharide sugar that's an important energy source in living organisms.
Fructose
A monosaccharide found in fruits and honey
Disaccharide
A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides, e.g., sucrose.
Polysaccharides
Long-chain carbohydrates, e.g., starches and glycogen.
Glycogen
A multi-branched polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals.
Lipids
Organic compounds that are fatty acids or derivatives; insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Fatty acids
Building blocks of lipids.
Carboxyl group
A functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group.
Saturated fatty acid
Fatty acid chains that have all single bonds between carbons; solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acid:
Fatty acid chains that have one or more double bonds; liquid at room temperature.
Glycerol:
A simple polyol compound; a backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids
Fats
Lipids that are solid at room temperature
Monoglyceride
A glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached
Diglyceride
A glycerol molecule with two fatty acids attached
Triglyceride
A glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached
Structural lipids
Lipids that are components of cell membranes or play specific roles in cellular function.
Steroids
A type of lipid molecule with a characteristic structure of four rings; includes hormones and cholesterol.
Cholesterol:
A sterol lipid that's a key component in cell membranes and a precursor for various hormones.:
Phospholipids
Lipids containing a phosphate group; a major component of cell membranes..
Glycolipids
Lipids with a carbohydrate attached; important for cell recognition.
Proteins
Large molecules composed of amino acid chains; serve a variety of functions including structural, enzymatic, and transport roles.
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins.
Peptide bond
The chemical bond that forms between amino acids.
Peptide
A short chain of amino acids.
Dipeptides
Two amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
Polypeptides
Long chains of amino acids.
Primary structure
The sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Secondary structure
The localized folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding.
Tertiary structure
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein due to interactions among its side chains.
Quaternary structure
The arrangement of multiple protein subunits.
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Keratin
A protein found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin.
Collagen
The main structural protein in connective tissues.
Denaturation
A process where a protein loses its native shape due to environmental changes.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions without being consumed.
Note
Flashcard