History of Medicine 2nd Test

Al - Razi (865 - 925)

Persia "Father of pediatrics”, differentiation between small pox and measles. Immunology, ophthalmology, allergies, Mercury in ointments Diseases of Children

Al Zahwari (936 - 10130)

Spain “Father of Modern Surgery”, over 200 specialized instruments ( forceps, scapula etc.) Volumous writings

Ibn Sina [Avencina] (980 - 1037)

The Book of Healing (encyclopedia) & The Canon of Medicine, standards for testing of medicines & pharmacology

Diseases of Children

Al - Razi, monograph on the diseases of children

The Book of Healing &The Canon of Medicine

Ibn Sina, medical encyclopedia

Ibn al-Nafis (1213 - 1288)

Pulmonary Cardiology, Anatomy (organs & structures vs physiology)

Rise of the Carolingians

Merovingians —> Frankish conquests, Martel, Charlamagne, etc.

Charles Martel

Stopped Muslim Advance

Battle of Poitiers (732)

“Battle of Tours” signifies the stopping of Muslim advances into Europe

Pippin III

gained support of papacy —> declares themself royal family —→ creation of Papal States

Charlamagne

organized most of Europe under 1 empire, Christmas day 800, declared HRE by the pope.

Carolingian Renaissance

attempt for greater doctrinal unity —> increase in educated clergy (Missals, Psalters, etc.)

Scriptoria

monks who are good at copying text —→ Illuminated hand

Illuminated Manuscripts

scriptoria manuscripts copied by hand, often used gold and siler leafing, included pictures

The Rise of Universities from Guilds

areas near proximity to Arab populations —→ spread of information —→ region specific goods (france = wine), similar thing w/ Universities

Crusade & Pope Urban II (1095)

Starts in Spain w/ Reconquista —> Muslim territories to recapture Holy Lands —> spread of medical advances from Arab world —→ Papal Authority

Marco Polo (1254 - 1324)

Venetian, traveled East, spent rest of days in Genoa, wrote his experiences

Origins of Black Death

Introduced in 1347 thru a port in Sicily, spread in following weeks, specific bactrium that came from the east

Type of Bactrium (BD)

Yersinia Pestis

3 modes of BD infection

1. Flea bites on people

2. Airborne transmission (cough)

3. Unchecked blood infection from bug bites (septicemic plague)

Boccaccio’s Decameron

collection of stories from a group of people trying to survive the bubonic plague

Protective Measures During BD

• 40 days of quarantine for sailors

• concern for “bad air”

• Divine Punishment —→ flagellance

• plague doctors

Collateral BD Victims

Jews —> segregated targeted for violence (wells, blood libel)

Women —> “witches”

Muslims

Concordat of Worms (1122)

Tries to establish separate spheres of influence

Hundred Years War

England v France —> death of the feudal war style Battle of Agincourt (eventual English victory), Joan of Arc

Italian communes & Trade Practices

competed w/each other in diplomacy & trade, led to prominent families to rise to power (Medicis)

Artistic Innovations of the “Renaissance”

Petrarch, 1 point perspective,

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

Dissections, Mechanics that support the outside body, and various drawings

Michelangelo (1475 - 1564)

Statue of David, sistine Chapel, etc. —→ required knowledge of human body

Northern Renaissance

own separate movement (Durer & Hoblein), emphasized greek literature over Latin & produced tracts & treastises

Paracelsus (1493 - 1541)

“Father of Chemical Meidcine/Toxicology” Grosse Wundartzney, “The dose makes the poison”

Grosse Wundartzney

rejection of humoral theory & sought the use of metals/minerals to cure

Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564)

On the Fabric of the Human Body, known for dissections & anatomy.

On the Structure of the Human Body

collection of speeches done by Vesalius

Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Knox

founders of different protestant sects, “The Reformation”

Counter - Reformation

R.C.C. launched a response to protestantism, Not an admission of wrongness, more like a statement of “we will look into it”

Christopher Columbus (1492)

Discovery of the New Wolrd driven by want of more direct routes to India

Flora of NW

potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, chili peppers, coffee, pineapples

Fauna of NW

dogs/pigs, spread of bees, brown rats, and earthworms, grey squirrels

Diseases of NW

Syphilis, malaria, typhoid, small pox, etc.

Columbian Exchange

“Triangular trade” network of trade between Europe, NW, and Africa.

EX: slaves (Africa) —→ Caribbean (Mollasses) —> Europe (Rum) —→ Africa

Commodities driving exploitation

Tobacco, refined sugar, potatoes, slaves, gold & silver

Copernicus

Helio-centrism

Kepler

Laws of Planetary Motion

Galileo

Telescope

Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)

“Knowledge is Power” favored direct observation

Rene Decartes (1596 - 1650)

Discourse on Method Employed doubt as a starting point for knowing

Royal Society of London 1662

granted by King Charles II, collective to advance the natural sciences, independent from political research

Philosophical Transactions

London Royal Society, first academic journal

Scholarly Societies

French Academy (1666)

Academy of Science in Bologna (1690)

membership based off of credentials, ability to submit papers to be reviewed. Broadened Academic Effort.

Louis XIV (Sun King)

Established the Royal academy of Sciences & Paris observatory, Professionalizes surgery (England follows in 1745)

French Clinical Model

Pierre Louis (1787 - 1872)

Essay on Clinical Instruction

Development of Microscope

stems from usage of the telescope, usually credited to Antoni Leeuwenhoek

William harvey’s “mechanical Model”

describes the heart as a pump (suggests “systems” and “structures”)

Gabriel Fahrenheit

Mercury thermometer (1714)

Stephen Hale’s Haemostaikis

determines the importance of fermentation aided by chemical processes.

Haller’s Primae Lineae Physiologiae

First Physiology textbook (1747)

Linnaeus’ Systemma Naturae

Origins of Species

Charles Darwin, inspired by Von Humbold

Stethoscope Invention

Rene Laennec, 1816

Edinburgh University Medical School

established in 1726, becomes famous for dissection and surgical technique (cadaver drama)

Resurrectionists

Burke & Hare —> digging up bodies to dissect

Harvard Uni & William/Mary

1636s, first universities that are founded in the new world. First medical society in the New World (1736)

Inoculation

act of immunizing by introducing infective material to the body

Revolutionary War

Edward Jenner

small pox, used inoculation successfully in 1796.

Benjamin Waterhouse

First American physician to use the smallpox vaccine 1800