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ecumene
the permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface
rural areas
farms and villages with low concentrations of people
urban areas
cities with high concentrations of people
suburbs
primarily residential areas near cities
settlement
a place with a permanent human population
urbanization
the developing of towns and cities
percent urban
an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas
site
the characteristics at the immediate location
situation
the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places
city-state
consisted of an urban center (the city) and its surroundings territory and agricultural villages
urban hearth
early city-states emerged in an area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus
ex: the Tigris-Euphrates Valley (Mesopotamia), the Nile River Valley, and Nile Delta
urban area
defined by as a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs
metropolitan area (metro area)
a collection of adjacent cities economically connected across which population density is high and continuous
metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
another way to define a city
micropolitan statistical areas
cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants but less than 50,000 with a high degree of integration
nodal region
focal point in a matrix of connections
social heterogenity
the population of cities as compared to other areas contains a greater variety of people
Borchert’s transportation model
describes urban growth based on transportation technology
pedestrian cities
cities shaped by the distances people could walk
streetcar suburbs
communities that grew up along rail lines
suburbanization
the process of people moving, usually from the cities into residential areas on the outskirts of cities
sprawl
the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city
leap frog development
when developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s built area
boomburbs (boomburgs)
rapidly growing communities (over 10 percent per 10 years) that have a total population of over 100,000 people and are not the largest city in the metro area
edge cities
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
counter urbanization (deurbanization)
the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities
exurbs
the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs
reurbanization
as some suburbanites return to live in the city
megacities
have a population of more than 10 million people
megalopolis
describes a chain of connected cities
conurbation
an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities
world cities or global cities
cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundary
urban hierarchy
a ranking based on influence or population size
nodal cities
command centers on a regional and occasionally national level
urban system
an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale
rank size rule
it states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/nth the size of the largest city
higher order services
expensive services that need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized
ex: large malls, luxury car dealerships
lower order services
less expensive services that require a small population to support and are used on a daily or weekly basis
ex: local grocery stores, gas stations
primate city
a city that is more developed than other cities in the system and consequently disproportionately more powerful
gravity model
states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other
central place theory
used to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region
central place
a location where people go to receive goods and services
market area
a zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services
hexagonal hinterlands
the shape was a compromise between a square-people living in the corners would be farther from the central place-and a circle-where there would be overlapping areas of service
threshold
the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable
range
the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services
functional zonation
the idea that proportions of an urban area (regions, or zones within the city) have specific and distinct purpose
central business district (CBD)
the commercial heart of a city
bid rent thory
explains agricultural land use and land use in the CBD
industrial/commercial zone
the zone outside the CBD that is dedicated to industry
commercial relationship
which is when commercial interest benefit eachother
residential zone
areas where people live
concentric zone model
describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds the CBD
Hoyt’s sector model
describes how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city’s history
Harris and Ulman multi-nuclei model
suggests that functional zonation occurs around multiple centers or nodes
peripheral model
describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway
galactic city model
in it an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function
mosque
the building in the center of an islamic city that is usually surrounded by a complex of structures to serve the public
citadel
a fortress designed to protect the city with its related palace and barracks for soldiers
Griffin-Ford model
used to describe Latin American cities
commercial spine
composed of theaters, restaurants, parks, and other amenities, ends with a mall
mall
at the end of the commercial spine
periferico
the outer ring of the city in Latin American cities
shantytowns
areas of poorly built housing in Latin American cities
favelas (barrios)
neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness
disamenity zones
areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals
traditional CBD
existed before European colonization has small shops clustered along narrow twisting streets; includes the formal economy
colonial CBD
has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers
informal economy zone
thrives with curbside, car side, and stall based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations
periodic markets
were small scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods
informal settlements (squatter settlements)
densely populated areas that often lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage
McGee model
describes the land use of many large cities in Southeast Asia where the focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone
zoning ordinances
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used
urban planning
a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use
residential zones
those areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions
inner city
residential areas surrounding the CBD
residential density gradient
as one moves farther from the inner city population and housing unit density declines and types of housing change
filtering
neighborhoods undergo transformations over time as existing residents move out and new ones move in; houses pass from one social group to another
invasion and succession
refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering
urban infill
the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences
suburbanization of business
the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter
municipality
refers to the local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction
incorporation
the act of legally joining together to form a new city
bedroom communities
commuter suburbs within the larger metro area
unincorporated
populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary or any city or municipality
public transportation
buses, subways, light rails, and trains that are operated by a governmental agency
sustainability
using the Earth’s resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment
smart growth policies
used to combat urban sprawl and create a new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable; focuses on city planning and transportation systems of an urban region
greenbelts
areas of underdeveloped land around an urban area
slow growth cities
cities that desire to slow the population growth and development that could consume and alter their communities
new urban design
used to put smart growth into action within communities
mixed use neighborhoods
neighborhoods that have a mix of homes and businesses; vibrant, lively, walkable; homes have a variety or sizes and price ranges to create a socially diverse community, shared open spaces and community gathering spaces are also common
urban infill
the process of building up underused lands within a city
transit oriented development (TOD)
locates mixed use residential and business communities near mass transit stops resulting in a series of more compact communities which decreases the need for automobiles
livability
a set or principles that supports sustainable urban designs
population composition
shows where people live; gives a description of the people’s income, gender, ethnicity, race, family size, and other details
census tracts
contiguous geographic regions that function as the foundation of a census
census block
located in a densely populated urban area, very small, and consists of a single block bounded by four streets (used for census)
redlining
the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas
racial segregation in housing
when people live in separate neighborhoods based on their ethnicity or race
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