Unit 2.2 - Cognition

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29 Terms

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Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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Forming concepts

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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Forming schemas

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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Forming prototypes

A mental image or best example of a category which provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories and can help organize unfamiliar items by finding an appropriate category

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Assimilation

Trying to find a place for something in your schema

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Accommodation

Altering your schema to include new information

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Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

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Heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, but does not guarantee a solution

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Insight

Provides instant realization of solution

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Intuition

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought with explicit conscious reasoning to make decisions

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Representative Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events in reference to how closely they resemble a particular prototype

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Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events on how readily they come to mind

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Priming

A phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus influenced how a person responds to a subsequent, related stimulus

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Perceptual set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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Framing

The way an issue is presented or worded can impact how people respond

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Confirmation Bias

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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Overconfidence

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

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Fixation

The inability to see a problem from a nee perspective

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Mental set

Tendency to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy that have worked in the past

A type of fixation

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Functional fixedness

The inability to recognize novel uses for an item and only see it for its most common purpose

A type of fixation

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Belief perseverance

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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Sunk cost fallacy

A cognitive bias that makes you stay in a situation despite losing resources or benefits

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Gambler’s fallacy

A cognitive bias that adheres to the ideas that if something hasn’t happened recently it soon will

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Executive functions

Mental skills that help us learn, work, and manage daily life, including working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control

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Examples of executive functions

Impulse control, emotional control, flexible thinking, working memory, self-monitoring, planning and prioritizing, task initiation, and organization

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Creativity

The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

Requires divergent thinking

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Robert Sternberg’s Five components of creativity

Expertise, Imagination, A venturesome personality, Intrinsic motivation, and A creative environment

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Divergent thinking

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions

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Convergent thinking

Narrows down the solutions to the single best option