Chapter 10 - Psychoanalysis After Freud

Neo-Freudians

Emphasized libido, unconscious processes, instinctual drives, mental life as source of psychological difficulties; Focused more on conscious thinking, ego psychology, and interpersonal relationships

Alfred Adler

Thought Freud only focused on sex, focused on organ inferiority, valued social interest

Organ inferiority - Adler

The idea that in adulthood we strive to accomplish things that were our weaknesses as a kid

Inferiority complex - Adler

Individual’s perceptions of weakness - leads to compensation, which forms “style of life”

Social interest - Adler

The desire to relate positively and productively with other people

Masculine protest - Adler

The desire of an adult to act and become powerful

Carl Jung

Interested in the mystical and spiritual

Collective unconscious - Jung

Memories and ideas people as images

Archetypes - Jung

Core ideas of how people think about the world, both consciously and unconsciously

Anima - Jung

Feminine part within a man’s unconscious

Animus - Jung

Masculine part within a woman’s unconscious

Persona - Jung

The social mask one wears in public - false to some degree

Introverts vs. extraverts - Jung

Tuned inward versus outward

Ways of thinking - Jung

Rational, feeling, sensing, and intuiting - people vary in which way predominates

Karen Horney

Disagreed with “penis envy” and women’s desire to be male

Basic anxiety - Horney

Fear of being alone and helpless in a hostile world

Neurotic needs - Horney

Needs that people feel but that are neither realistic nor truly desirable

Erik Erikson

Theorized that life is marked by psychosocial developmental stages associated w/ hallmark strengths - had a life-span developmental orientation

Trust vs. mistrust - Erikson

0-2 yrs - This corresponds to Freud’s oral stage of very early childhood, when the utterly dependent child learns whether needs and wants will be met, ignored, or overindulged

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt - Erikson

3-4 yrs - As the child begins to control bowels and other bodily functions, learns language, and begins to receive orders from adult authorities, an inevitable conflict arises: Who’s in charge here? Balance between child’s own actions and submitting to authority

Initiative vs. guilt - Erikson

4-7 yrs - The child begins to anticipate and fantasize about life as an adult. Fantasies are good for a child, but if adults do not respond to them well, they can lead the child to feel guilty and to back off from taking initiative in development toward adulthood

Industry vs. inferiority - Erikson

8-12 yrs - Child should develop the skills and attitudes to succeed in the world of work or otherwise contribute to society

Identity vs. identity confusion - Erikson

13+ yrs - Adolescent strives to choose what kind of person they want to be

Intimacy vs. isolation - Erikson

Young adulthood - Find an intimate life partner to share important experiences and further development rather than becoming isolated and lonely

Generativity vs. stagnation - Erikson

Middle age - As a person’s position in life becomes firmly set, debate of if is it time to settle into passive comfort or begin to turn concerns to the next generation

Integrity vs. despair - Erikson

Old age - Does the person regret earlier mistakes and feel the burden of missed chances? Or from experience, has the person developed wisdom?

Who founded object relations theory?

Melanie Klien and D.W. Winnicot

Object relations theory

The analysis of interpersonal relationships

Objects - Klien/Winnicot

Emotionally important people

Transitional objects - Klien/Winnicot

Special items children use to self-comfort in absence of objects

According to object relations theory, the psyche is aware and disturbed that…

Every relationship is a mix of love and hate, we objectify parts of the love object