european expansion and exploration

reason for european expansion and exploration

\

}}%%black death%%}}

\

• emergence of the state could have been because of the black death
• people needed a certain source of stability
• drastic reduction in european population

\
<<labour shortage and disrupted the social and economic order<<

• wages increased
• workers gained more bargaining power
• weakened power of lords over their serfs

\
<<labour shortage → wage increase and capitalist modes of production<<

• labour was made a more expensive commodity
• landowners seeking new ways to increase productivity and reduce labour costs
• innovations such as the printing press increased efficiency and reduced reliance on manual labour

\
<<created demand for new markets and resources<<

• increased productivity and decrease labour costs
• new technological innovations and new industries

\

• weakened the political and economic power of feudal systems
  • severe shortage of labour made it difficult to for lords to maintain estates
  • were forced to grant higher wages and better working conditions
  • many lords died without heirs weakening their estates
  • serfs were not able to be protected weakening the loyalty
  • increase in social mobility due to peasants gaining more bargaining power
  • rise of the middle class
  • rural to urban areas, people sought new opportunities and safer environments
  • growth of towns and cities and the development of new economic and social structure
  • urban areas had more freedom and opportunity, which weakened the power of feudal lords over their subjects

\
<<this shift created more conductive environments for colonial expansion<<

• powers began to look for cheap labour and raw materials in the colonies after the wage increase
• social and political upheaval lead to political instability
  • rulers and leaders died, their territories left vulnerable and had no strong opposition to getting colonized
  • armies weakened, more difficult to defend territories or show strength abroad
  • economic disruption → increased trade, establishing colonies
  • new desire for resources and markets → driving force for colonization
• technological advancements
  • innovation and experimentation, new tech → navigation tools
  • ship building techniques
  • weapons
  • made expansion more feasible
• religious motivation
  • sought solace in the face of suffering
  • increased desire to spread religion in new territories

\
<<european powers became more centralized and better equipped to finance and organize overseas expeditions<<

• economic recovery
  • new opportunities for economic growth emerged
  • new businesses emerged to take advantage of the labour market
  • new sources of wealth created that were used to finance overseas expeditions
• centralization of power in european states
• technological advancements in navel technology
• competition among european powers

\

[[crusades[[

\

• wanted to stop the muslims from taking over territory → ottoman empire
• 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of recapturing the holy land from muslim control
• concerned about not being good catholics
• religion was a major part of peoples lives
• through that spreading that faith would bring prosperity
• crusades route to india and china were identified (marco polo)
• economically beneficial to establish access
• spices and nice goods
• instead of buying it off other people they could do it themselves

\

\
<<the crusades opened up new trade routes between europe and the middle east<<

• crusaders established safe routes for the europeans to travel to the holy land

  • military presence made sure that roads were safe from bandits and other dangers

• demand for goods not available in europe

  • spice, textiles, precious metals

• introduction of new goods

  • perfumes, silks, ceramics

• creation of trading posts

  • european merchants established trading posts in the middle east for conduct business more efficiently

  \

<<technological and scientific exchange<<

• transfer of knowledge
  • crusaders exposed to new ideas, technologies and scientific knowledge in their interactions with muslim cultures
  • gunpowder, armour, medical and mathematical practices
• translation of texts
  • crusaders brought back ancient texts from the middle east
  • knowledge on philosophy, astronomy, medicine, mathematics
• exchange of ideas
  • interacted with scholar
  • exchanged ideas and engaged in discussion
  • exchange of ideas lead to the development of new scientific and philosophical concepts
• promotion and education
  • new universities and schools in europe
  • provided education in subjects like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy
  • were modeled after islamic schools

\
\
<<development of a martime culture<<

• maritime transportation
  • large number of soldiers and supplies to be transported across the mediterranean sea
  • developed large and more efficient ships
  • maritime transportation = important → demand for maritime expertise
• navigation skills
  • learned the skills from arabs who were skilled navigators
• trading opportunities
  • brought back new products → increased demand for transport and trade → new spots and routes
• technological advancements
  • compass and astrolabe

\
<<political and cultural influence<<

• expansion of european influence
• transfer of knowledge and ideas
• strengthening of centralized power
  • organization and mobilization of armies because of the crusades
• religious influence
• economic influence

\

]]the renaissance]]

• how to better understand the world
• encouraged overseas exploration
• map making and record making

\
<<cultural exchange<<

• renewed interest in ancient greece and rome
• interest in classical knowledge and culture spurred new interest in exploration and discovery

\
<<technological advancements<<

• science and technology
• navigation, cartography, ship building
• allowed for european explorers to sail further and explore new territories

\
<<expansion of knowledge<<

• astronomy, mathematics, geography
• helped explorers to navigate and chart new territories

\
<<patronage<<

• wealthy patrons sponsored voyages and exploration
• financial support made exploration a viable option

\
<<new trade routes<<

• new trade routes and new trade networks increased economic growth and expansion of european influence

\

{{mercantilism{{

• economic policy
• 16th-18th century
• resources are finite, zero sum game
• justification

\
<<colonization<<

• encouraged to build colonies
  • to exploit natural resources
  • create markets for european goods
  • increase trade networks
• established in the americas, africa, and asia

\
<<trade networks<<

• establish exclusive trading relationships with their colonies and other trading partners, leading to a development of global trade networks

  \

<<navigation and ship building<<

• significant advancements in navigation and ship building
• needed for the establishment of global trade and the transportation of goods between colonies and europe

\
<<competition and conflict<<

• led to intense competitions between european nations
• conflict over resources, colonies, and trade routes
• competition and conflict fueled further exploration and expansion because nations wanted to beat their rivals

\
\