european expansion and exploration

reason for european expansion and exploration

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}}%%black death%%}}

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  • emergence of the state could have been because of the black death
  • people needed a certain source of stability
  • drastic reduction in european population

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<<labour shortage and disrupted the social and economic order<<

  • wages increased
  • workers gained more bargaining power
  • weakened power of lords over their serfs

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<<labour shortage → wage increase and capitalist modes of production<<

  • labour was made a more expensive commodity
  • landowners seeking new ways to increase productivity and reduce labour costs
  • innovations such as the printing press increased efficiency and reduced reliance on manual labour

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<<created demand for new markets and resources<<

  • increased productivity and decrease labour costs
  • new technological innovations and new industries

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  • weakened the political and economic power of feudal systems
      * severe shortage of labour made it difficult to for lords to maintain estates
      * were forced to grant higher wages and better working conditions
      * many lords died without heirs weakening their estates
      * serfs were not able to be protected weakening the loyalty
      * increase in social mobility due to peasants gaining more bargaining power
      * rise of the middle class
      * rural to urban areas, people sought new opportunities and safer environments
      * growth of towns and cities and the development of new economic and social structure
      * urban areas had more freedom and opportunity, which weakened the power of feudal lords over their subjects

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<<this shift created more conductive environments for colonial expansion<<

  • powers began to look for cheap labour and raw materials in the colonies after the wage increase
  • social and political upheaval lead to political instability
      * rulers and leaders died, their territories left vulnerable and had no strong opposition to getting colonized
      * armies weakened, more difficult to defend territories or show strength abroad
      * economic disruption → increased trade, establishing colonies
      * new desire for resources and markets → driving force for colonization
  • technological advancements
      * innovation and experimentation, new tech → navigation tools
      * ship building techniques
      * weapons
      * made expansion more feasible
  • religious motivation
      * sought solace in the face of suffering
      * increased desire to spread religion in new territories

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<<european powers became more centralized and better equipped to finance and organize overseas expeditions<<

  • economic recovery
      * new opportunities for economic growth emerged
      * new businesses emerged to take advantage of the labour market
      * new sources of wealth created that were used to finance overseas expeditions
  • centralization of power in european states
  • technological advancements in navel technology
  • competition among european powers

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[[crusades[[

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  • wanted to stop the muslims from taking over territory → ottoman empire
  • 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of recapturing the holy land from muslim control
  • concerned about not being good catholics
  • religion was a major part of peoples lives
  • through that spreading that faith would bring prosperity
  • crusades route to india and china were identified (marco polo)
  • economically beneficial to establish access
  • spices and nice goods
  • instead of buying it off other people they could do it themselves

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<<the crusades opened up new trade routes between europe and the middle east<<

  • crusaders established safe routes for the europeans to travel to the holy land
      * military presence made sure that roads were safe from bandits and other dangers

  • demand for goods not available in europe
      * spice, textiles, precious metals

  • introduction of new goods
      * perfumes, silks, ceramics

  • creation of trading posts
      * european merchants established trading posts in the middle east for conduct business more efficiently

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<<technological and scientific exchange<<

  • transfer of knowledge
      * crusaders exposed to new ideas, technologies and scientific knowledge in their interactions with muslim cultures
      * gunpowder, armour, medical and mathematical practices
  • translation of texts
      * crusaders brought back ancient texts from the middle east
      * knowledge on philosophy, astronomy, medicine, mathematics
  • exchange of ideas
      * interacted with scholar
      * exchanged ideas and engaged in discussion
      * exchange of ideas lead to the development of new scientific and philosophical concepts
  • promotion and education
      * new universities and schools in europe
      * provided education in subjects like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy
      * were modeled after islamic schools

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<<development of a martime culture<<

  • maritime transportation
      * large number of soldiers and supplies to be transported across the mediterranean sea
      * developed large and more efficient ships
      * maritime transportation = important → demand for maritime expertise
  • navigation skills
      * learned the skills from arabs who were skilled navigators
  • trading opportunities
      * brought back new products → increased demand for transport and trade → new spots and routes
  • technological advancements
      * compass and astrolabe

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<<political and cultural influence<<

  • expansion of european influence
  • transfer of knowledge and ideas
  • strengthening of centralized power
      * organization and mobilization of armies because of the crusades
  • religious influence
  • economic influence

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]]the renaissance]]
  • how to better understand the world
  • encouraged overseas exploration
  • map making and record making

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<<cultural exchange<<

  • renewed interest in ancient greece and rome
  • interest in classical knowledge and culture spurred new interest in exploration and discovery

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<<technological advancements<<

  • science and technology
  • navigation, cartography, ship building
  • allowed for european explorers to sail further and explore new territories

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<<expansion of knowledge<<

  • astronomy, mathematics, geography
  • helped explorers to navigate and chart new territories

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<<patronage<<

  • wealthy patrons sponsored voyages and exploration
  • financial support made exploration a viable option

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<<new trade routes<<

  • new trade routes and new trade networks increased economic growth and expansion of european influence

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{{mercantilism{{
  • economic policy
  • 16th-18th century
  • resources are finite, zero sum game
  • justification

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<<colonization<<

  • encouraged to build colonies
      * to exploit natural resources
      * create markets for european goods
      * increase trade networks
  • established in the americas, africa, and asia

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<<trade networks<<

  • establish exclusive trading relationships with their colonies and other trading partners, leading to a development of global trade networks

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<<navigation and ship building<<

  • significant advancements in navigation and ship building
  • needed for the establishment of global trade and the transportation of goods between colonies and europe

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<<competition and conflict<<

  • led to intense competitions between european nations
  • conflict over resources, colonies, and trade routes
  • competition and conflict fueled further exploration and expansion because nations wanted to beat their rivals

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