learning and motivation chapter 8

• extinction: nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of the response
  • procedure: nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response
  • process: resultant decrease in response strength
• side effects of extinction
  • extinction burst: temporary increase in frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented
  • increase in variability
  • emotional behavior: frustration
  • aggression
  • resurgence: reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement 
  • depression
• resistance to extinction: responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented
  • schedule of reinforcement. partial reinforcement effect says that behavior on a partial schedule will extinguish slower than behavior on a continuous schedule
  • history of reinforcement: the more reinforcers an individual has received for a behavior, the greater the resistance to extinction
  • magnitude of reinforcer: large-magnitude reinforcers result in greater resistance to extinction than small-magnitude reinforcers
  • degree of deprivation: greater the level of deprivation, the greater the resistance to extinction
  • previous experience with extinction: when sessions of extinction are alternated with sessions of reinforcement, the greater the number of prior exposures to extinction, the quicker the behavior will extinguish during subsequent exposures
  • distinctive signal for extinction: extinction is greatly facilitated when there is a distinctive stimulus that signals the onset of extinction
• spontaneous recovery: reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction
• differential reinforcement of other behavior: extinguishing the target behavior and reinforcement the occurrence of a replacement behavior
  • ex: functional communication training with jonah from tiktok
• stimulus control: presence of a discriminative stimulus reliably affects the probability of the behavior
  • at red lights we stop
• stimulus generalization: tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the responding stimulus
• generalization gradient: graphic description of the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the sd and that vary along a continuum
• stimulus discrimination: tendency for an operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus than another
• discrimination training: involves reinforcement of responding in the presence of one stimulus and not another stimulus 
  • discriminative stimulus for extinction: stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement
• peak shift effect: peak of a generalization gradient following discrimination training will shift from the sd to a stimulus that is further removed from the striangle

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