learning and motivation chapter 8

  • extinction: nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of the response
      * procedure: nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response
      * process: resultant decrease in response strength
  • side effects of extinction
      * extinction burst: temporary increase in frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented
      * increase in variability
      * emotional behavior: frustration
      * aggression
      * resurgence: reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement 
      * depression
  • resistance to extinction: responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented
      * schedule of reinforcement. partial reinforcement effect says that behavior on a partial schedule will extinguish slower than behavior on a continuous schedule
      * history of reinforcement: the more reinforcers an individual has received for a behavior, the greater the resistance to extinction
      * magnitude of reinforcer: large-magnitude reinforcers result in greater resistance to extinction than small-magnitude reinforcers
      * degree of deprivation: greater the level of deprivation, the greater the resistance to extinction
      * previous experience with extinction: when sessions of extinction are alternated with sessions of reinforcement, the greater the number of prior exposures to extinction, the quicker the behavior will extinguish during subsequent exposures
      * distinctive signal for extinction: extinction is greatly facilitated when there is a distinctive stimulus that signals the onset of extinction
  • spontaneous recovery: reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction
  • differential reinforcement of other behavior: extinguishing the target behavior and reinforcement the occurrence of a replacement behavior
      * ex: functional communication training with jonah from tiktok
  • stimulus control: presence of a discriminative stimulus reliably affects the probability of the behavior
      * at red lights we stop
  • stimulus generalization: tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the responding stimulus
  • generalization gradient: graphic description of the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the sd and that vary along a continuum
  • stimulus discrimination: tendency for an operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus than another
  • discrimination training: involves reinforcement of responding in the presence of one stimulus and not another stimulus 
      * discriminative stimulus for extinction: stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement
  • peak shift effect: peak of a generalization gradient following discrimination training will shift from the sd to a stimulus that is further removed from the striangle