ethnicity inequalities sociologists

Life chances - census

86% of uk population is white, we EM 14.1% , 6.8% Asian , 3.4% black

Work and employment - stats

In 2016 1/5 of doctors in the UK were Indian. in 2016 unemployment rate for white people was 5% and for black Asian and other ethnic minorities 9%.
4% of white women were unemployed whereas 12% of black women were unemployed and 16% of Pakistani women.

Work and employment - Li

Many Muslim women remove their hijab or adapted their name to avoid discrimination in the job market

Income + wealth - Joseph rowntree foundation

Men from ethnic no more minorities in managerial jobs and on average 25% less than their white counterparts

Income and wealth - national equality panel

BAME households are the poorest

Income and wealth - rowlingson and McKay

White people in Managerial jobs earn more than EM, however white people in intermediate jobs have less wealth than Asian people in the same jobs

Poverty - Runnymede trust

BAME elderly people are more likely to be in poverty

Poverty- Joseph rowntree foundation

40% of EM families live in poverty in the UK and are more likely to live in deprived neighbourhoods and as a result encounter more crime

Poverty- platt

Highest risk of poverty for Bangladeshi Pakistani and black Africans. Over half of children in these groups were living in poverty.

Poverty- flaherty

Reasons for BAME to be more likely to live in poverty are unemployment low pay and educational disadvantage

Poverty - Alcock

BAME grapes are most likely to be at risk of social exclusion. More likely to live in overcrowded housing which is often damp and has health implications.

Sociologists for life chances

Census

Sociologists for work + employment

Stats
Li

Sociologists for income and wealth

Joseph rowntree foundation
National equality panel
Rowlingson and McKay

Sociologists for poverty

Runnymede trust
Joseph rowntree foundation
Platt
Flaherty
Alcock

Social mobility - centre of dynamics and ethnicity

Ethnic minorities are experiencing an increase in upward mobility, but this is still not on a level with white groups

Social mobility - platt

Social mobilities increasing for ethnic minority groups. She says this is due to improvements in educational attainment. Chinese Indian Bangladeshi and black Africans now out perform their white pears in 5x A* - C grades.

Social mobility - heath and li

Looked at 40 years of data and found 43% of white men and 45.6% of white women had experienced up with mobility compared to their fathers.
BAME groups percentages were significantly less

Sociologists for social mobility

Centre of dynamics and ethnicity
Platt
Heath and li
Ali

Social mobility - Ali

White women have opportunities to break through the glass ceiling but BAME groups have a concrete ceiling which women simply cannot get through

Functionalism - Patterson

Claims Britain was a stable society built and consensus until it was disrupted by mass immigration in the 50s. This created a culture clash between the English and African Caribbean.
Three causes of ethnic inequality:
the host (white majority) feared social change
White working class resented having to compete for jobs and housing
BAME groups failed to assimilate and integrate - they did not become fully British

Sociologist for functionalism

Patterson

Marxism - cox

Racism is socially constructed by those who control the means of production. Racism is a type of ideology. Cox has been criticised for being race blind and unconvincing.

Marxism - castle and kosack

EM I generally part of the exploited working classes. Inequality is a good thing for capitalism for three reasons:
Legitimisation. Racism justifies Low pay and poor working conditions. Rule in class benefit from this. A surplus of labour power is needed in capitalism.
Racism stops white and ethnic minority groups uniting to become strong against capitalism
Scapegoating. When the blame aggression should be directed because of class the ideology targets vulnerable groups instead such as ethnic minorities.

Marxism sociologists

Cox
Castle and kosack

Weberian - Weber

Status and power in the hands of the majority ethnic group therefore making it hard for fair competition.
Working class ethnic minorities are in the same class as white working class but do not share the same status due to discrimination.

Weberian - Barron and Norris

Societies ordered in the form of a dual labour market. I think minorities are less likely to secure primary sector jobs e.g. high status well paid and secure because employers discriminate. Trade unions to protect workers rights tend to also be led by white people and therefore tend to protect the working rights of white workers.

Weberian - Rex and Tomlinson

Ethnic minorities experience class and status and equality.
This leads to poverty and social exclusion.
The black underclass has been created of people who feel alienated.

Sociologists for Weberian theory

Weber
Barron and Norris
Rex and Tomlinson

Feminism - Brewer

Ethnic minority women face a triple disadvantage as they experience sexism and racism and because they tend to be working class.

Feminism - mirza

Black feminist have challenged the view of black women as passive victims of racism

Feminism- Connell

Criticisms about how feminism focuses on the developed wells even though most women live in the developing world

Sociologists for feminism

Brewer
Mirza
Connell

New right - Murray

Black people tend to be part of the underclass. The underclass is mainly made up of never married black women and young men that did not have a father figure when growing up

New Right - Sewell

Believes black African Caribbean boys are disadvantaged in many areas of life, including education and work.
He says these children are disadvantaged due to lack the father at home when growing up, society not dealing with institutional racism and the portrayal of black men in the media

Sociologists for New Right

Murray
Sewell