BIOL 1406 - Lecture Exam 1

Accuracy

How close measurements are to a true value

Precision

How close measurements are to each other

What is Biology?

The study of life

Showing order

All living things are made of one or more cells, the basic units of life

Homeostasis

Maintain a constant internal environment despite changes to external environment

Responds to environment

Organisms can detect and respond to changes in their environment

Growth and Development

Living things increase in size and undergo changes throughout their lives

Able to Reproduce

Organisms produce new individuals to pass on their genetic information to the next generation

Process energy

Organisms obtain and use energy through a series of chemical reactions to carry out life processes

Able to evolve

Over time, organisms evolve and adapt to their environments, which contributes to the survival of the species

NO

Are viruses alive

Prokaryotes

single celled organisms (including bacteria and archaea) that lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Eukaryotes

organisms whose cells contain a true, membrane bound nucleus and other specialized membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria

Domain

Highest level of classification with three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdom

Consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities. There are 5: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera

Domain Bacteria

Consists entirely of prokaryotic organisms

Domain Eukarya

Contains all organisms with complex cells that have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Includes: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista

Hypothesis

A temporary explanation based on known information and must be testable

Element

a substance that can’t easily be broken down

CHONPS

an acronym for the six most abundant chemical elements in living organisms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur

Ionic Bonds

Atoms lose or gain unpaired valence electrons to become oppositely charged ions that attract each other

Very different electronegativity

Covalent Bonds

Nonmental Atoms share unpaired valence electrons

Identical or similar electronegativity

Electronegativity

attraction of an atom’s nucleus to shared electrons

Polar covalent bond

Covalent bond that forms between atoms with similar but not identical electronegativity. Unequal electron sharing

Cohesive and Adhesive

Polarity makes water molecules ____________.

Cohesive

molecules attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonds

Adhesive

molecules attracted to anything else with a charge

pH

Reflects the concentration of H⁺ in a solution

Continuous random variable

Hydroxyl group

What chemical group is this?

Carbonyl group

What chemical group is this?

Carboxyl group

What chemical group is this?

Amino group

What chemical group is this?

Sulfhydryl group

What chemical group is this?

Phosphate group

What chemical group is this?

Methyl group

What chemical group is this?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Four types of organic molecules found in all organisms

Dehydration reaction

chemical reaction to form covalent bond

Hydrolysis reaction

chemical reaction to break covalent bond

Yes, partially, making them soluble in water

Do carbohydrates have charge(s)?

Carbohydrates 

serve as a primary energy source for living organisms, are used for structural support, and are classified by size into monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (cellulose)

basic have no net charge, but some modified have slight (+) or (-)

Lipids

perform crucial roles in long-term energy storage, forming cell membranes, insulation, and signaling.

characterized by their nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and can be amphipathic (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts)

Saturated fat

shape is stick straight due to only single covalent bonds

Unsaturated fat

shape is bent due to at lease one double covalent bond

Nucleic acids

essential, large biomolecules that store, transmit, and express an organism's genetic information, directing cell growth, development, and protein synthesis

(-) charge

RNA

ribonucleic acid

a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the cell's machinery to synthesize proteins

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

double helix nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of all living organisms

Proteins

composed of long chains of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds.

act as enzymes, provide structural support, signaling and other basic cell functions

Primary structure

Linear sequence of amino acids linked by covalent bonds

Secondary structure

Regular, repeating structures within the polypeptide chain, such as alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure

The overall 3-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from interactions between the side chains of amino acids. 

covalent, hydrogen, and ionic bonds

Quaternary structure

Found in some proteins, this level involves the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains to form a functional protein complex

hydrogen and ionic bonds

Common cell parts

cell/plasma membrane

cytosol/cytoplasm

DNA

ribosomes