Bio Anthropology Midterm 1

Aristotle

1st comparative anatomist

Monogenesis

single origin

Polygenesis

multiple origins

Andreas Vesalius

founder of modern anatomy

John Ray

created 1st classification of plants and animals: genus and species

species

reproductively isolated organisms, specific ability to reproduce

genus

Similar species, shared general traits

taxonomy

science of biological classification

Carolus Linnaeus

founder of taxonomy, systema naturae, creator of 4 races

Georges Leclerc

Founder of natural history museums

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

1st evolutionary biologist

Gregor Mendel

pea experiments, inheritance

law of segregation

traits are in pairs of units (genes), 1 unit per parent, units separate in meiosis and units reunite in fertilization

allele

alternate expression of gene

dominant

expressed trait (E)

recessive

masked trait (e)

genotype

genetic makeup of individual specific alleles

phenotype

observed characteristic

homozygous

same allele (ee, EE)

heterozygous

two different alleles (Ee)

law of independent assortment

traits are inherited independently from 2 different chromosomes

polygenic traits

alleles @ 2 or more loci contribute to trait

mendelian traits characteristics

1 gene locus, discontinuous, fixed, different frequencies, identified loci

polygenic traits characteristics

1+ gene locus, continuous, environmental factors, statistic-based, unidentified loci

evolutionary synthesis

unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

thomas henry huxley

Darwin’s “bulldog”, forcefully promoted theory of natural selection

population genetics

focuses on the changes in gene frequency and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution

mutation

random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may have multiple effects

gene flow

exchange of alleles between 2 populations

genetic drift

random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations

genomics

study of an organism’s entire set of genes- the genome

locus

the location on chromosome of a specific gene

polymorphism

presence of 2+ alleles at a locus and where the frequency of the alleles is greater than 1% of the population

antigens

proteins on the surface of cells that stimulate the immune system’s antibody production

antibodies

molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances, they attach to foreign antigens

codominance

2 different alleles that are equally dominant, both are fully expressed in a hetero phenotype

pleiotropy

a single gene can have multiple effects

Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin

DNA description

functions of DNA

store genetic info, replication, protein synthesis

chromosome

long, wound molecule of DNA

2

\# of chains of nucleotides in a chromosome

composition of a nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

nitrogen bases

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

gene

segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein that will determine traits

karyotype

chromosome set in each cell

46

\# of chromosomes in a human

23

\# of homologous pairs in a human

autosomal/somatic

body cells for tissues

gamete

sex cell

1st step of DNA replication

enzymes unzip the hydrogen bonds between bases of each strand

2nd step of DNA replication

strands separate

3rd step of DNA replication

unattached free-floating nucleotides in nucleus attract

4th step of DNA replication

bases re-bond with complementary bases

5th step of DNA replication

2 new chainz form and coil

mitosis

replicated DNA splits into 2 cells, with a replica of each chromatid

somatic

type of cell produced through mitosis

2 identical somatic daughter cells

product of mitosis

meiosis

reproduces new gametes in testes and ovaries

cross over event

recombination swapping

4 not identical daughter cells

product of meiosis

function of proteins

body structure, function/regulation

amino acid

small molecule made of 3 nitrogen bases (codon)

codon

sequence of 3 nitrogen bases

polypeptide chain

chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

protein

1+ polypeptide chains

rna

ribonucleic acid, single strand polynucleotide chain

dna vs rna

sugar

uracil

nitrogen base present in rna instead of thynine

base pairs in dna

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

base pairs in rna

uracil and adenine, cytosine and guanine

transcription

step 1 in protein synthesis

transciption

part of DNA separate, free RNA nucleotides attract and form a complementary strand

where translation takes place

cytoplasm

translation

step 2 to protein synthesis

20

\# of amino acids

64

\# of nucleotide combinations

translation

ribosome attaches to mRNA, which is decoded and implemented

stop codon

calls for the stop of protein synthesis, no amino acid

tRNA

transport amino acids and stack to form a protein

diploid

cell that has full complement of paired chromosomes

haploid

cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes

haplotypes

group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome

haplogroups

large set of haplotypes that may be used to define a population

translocations

rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another

nondisjunctions

failure of chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis

effect of nondisjunctions

can cause gametes with abnormal number of chromosomes

monosomy

condition in which only one of a specific pair of chromosomes is present in a cells nucleus

trisomy

condition where an additional chromosome exists within a homologous pair

mRNA

responsible for making a chemical copy if a gene needed for a specific protein

rRNA

structural component of a ribosome

anticodons

sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, complementary to mRNA codons

phenotypic plasticity

the ability of an organism to positively respond to environmental stress

acclimatization

an organism’s non-genetic way of coping with a stressor, short-term and reversible

natural selection

long-term evolutionary change based on chance and fitness, genetic and not reversible

adaptation

genetic, generational change to deal with a stressor

vasodilation

increasing blood flow, releases heat @ surface

sweating

heat lost as sweat through sweat glands

vasoconstriction

decreasing blood flow, retains heat near core

shivering

muscles contracting releasing bursts of heat

Basal Metabolic Rate

measure of minimum level of energy requires to maintain body at rest