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Sensation
the process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Sensation is to _______________ and perception is to _____________________
detection; interpretation
Top-down processing
patient's negative expectations about the outcome of surgery can increase their post surgical pain
Selective attention
students in a study were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were on the phone
Change blindness
doesn't notice changes that happen in front of you when your attention is elsewhere
Transduction
The process by which your ears convert sound waves from a sound into neural impulses
converts physical stimuli into neural messages
Why is transduction important to sensation?
Absolute threshold
smelling something minutes before someone else; meaning you have a lower _____________________
They'd be wrong to think that unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive
Subliminal persuasion....why would someone who believes in this be wrong?
Signal Detection Theory
emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of thresholds
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
Minimizes sensory adaptation
Result of constant quivering of the eyes
Biopsychosocial approach to understanding perception
Perception is the combo of our sensory capacities, cultural contacts and gestalt principles
parapsychology
the study of things like telepathy
intensity of colors
light wave amplitude determines the...
Retina
Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones
longest - redshortest - blue/violet
How humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves...
Hue
Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to_____________________
Iris
What controls the dilation of the pupil?
The ganglion cells before its processed by feature detectors
What is visual information processed by?
Feature Detection
When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock
Young-helmholtz Theory
The retina contains 3 kinds of color receptors
Opponent-process theory
cells that are stimulated by exposure to YELLOW light are inhibited by exposure to BLUE light
Gestalt Psychology
emphasized the whole may exceed the sum of its parts
Figure Ground Principles
the cocktail party effect shows _______________________
Visual Cliff Experiment
showed that the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate
Retinal disparity
3D movies enhances our sense of depth perception by simulating the effects of ___________________________
stroboscopic movement
Cartoons like Bugs Bunny hoping on the screen is an example of _____________________________
Shape constancy
textbooks cast a trapezoidal image on the retina but people perceive them as rectangles due to the ___________________________
misperception of distance
Ames room displays how we can misperceive distance
color constancy
an object's color is perceived/influenced by its surrounding objects
Immanuel Kent
emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences
John Lock
believed people learn to experience the world through experience
sensory restriction
only causes damage early in life, suggesting there is a critical period for more perceptual development
perceptual set
stereotypes are most similar to __________________________; after watching a scary movie you perceive a sound in your home as an intruder
frequency of the sound wave
Pitch is determined by......
Someone with Sensorineural hearing loss
What does a cochlear implant benefit?
middle ear function
when the middle ear is damaged, a hearing aid could aid/restore the sense of hearing
Initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex
What does movement of the hair cells along the basilar membrane do?
nerve deafness
would likely happen as a result of damage to the basilar membrane
conduciton hearing loss
Effects of rupture of the eardrum
Place theory
high frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane suggest ___________________
Place vs. Frequency Theory
Frequency - low pitchPlace - high pitch
yes!
Is place and frequency theory correct about how we hear pitch?
it reaches both ears at the same time
Difficulty of hearing overhead sounds indicates....
Pressure spots
when tickling someone, a person strokes adjacent pressure spots on their skin
Receptor cells for kinesthesis
located in the joints, tendons, bones, and ear
Nociceptors
if you burn yourself, ______________________ transmit pain triggering signals to your CNS; also initiate neural impulses leading to pain
gate-control theory
suggests pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate
auditory
Tinnitus is the phantom ________________________ sensation
why children resist eating certain foods
Kids have more taste receptors so their sensitivity to taste is greater
smell
What are olfactory receptor cells used for?
Kinesthesia
system for sensing position and movement of body parts
vestibular sense
ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends on the __________________________
Sensory interactions
With eyes closed and nose plugged, it's hard to distinguish tastes as different
Embodied cognition
our bodies can alter our cognitive preferences and judgments
community psychologists
Psychologists who work to understand the quality of life of individuals
psychodynamic perspective
how our bodies unconsciously remembers experiences that our minds cannot recall
mary calkins
first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association
mental processes
Cognition revolution involved a renewed interest in ______________________
placebo
something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect
mean in a data set
found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set
introspection
examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
replication in science
if two or more people do the same experiment they should get the same result; scientists can check their work
operational definitions
making sure that a psychologist's claims match other psychologists' understandings
psychiatrist
medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders
pituitary gland
endocrine system's most influential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
introspection
Behaviorists dismiss the value of ___________________________
contemporary psych
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
cause and effect
psychologists use experiments to distinguish between _____________________________
wording effects on experiments
possible effects on participants caused by the order of presented words or even the choice of the words themselves
biological, psychological, social-cultural
levels of analysis
behavioral perspective
focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior
how much each point varies from the mean
standard deviation on a normal bell curve
unconscious mind vs. individual's potential
psychoanalysis vs. humanists
motor cortex
which part of the brain relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements?
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Alcohol in large and small doses
small doses: increase your heart rate, aggression, and impulsivenesslarger doses: typically causes sluggishness, disorientation, and slower reaction times, as it decreases your mental sharpness, blood pressure, and heart rate
NREM-1 sleep
slowed breathing & irregular brain waves; sensations of falling or floating
both are depressants
why is it dangerous to combine alcohol and a sleeping pill?
brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
marijuana
feeling relaxed, hallucinations, memory loss are all effects of ______________________
manifest content
the actual content of one's dream
intensity
Light-wave amplitude determines the _____________________
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
MRI
best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)...
60 year olds spend less time in deep sleep
20 yr. olds vs. 60 yr. olds deep sleep patterns
any stage
sleep talking may occur in what stage of sleep?
Franz Gall
proposed the idea of phrenology in the 1800s
natural selection
traits that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to the succeeding generations
endocrine system
glands secrete HORMONES that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
psychological, biological
Everything that is ______________________ is also ____________________
REM Sleep
rapids eye movement
spacing effect
information is retained better if there is a longer period of time between sessions or relearning
Imagery
Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
semantic encoding
the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
short term
Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt _________ memory
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