the process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system
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Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
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Sensation is to _______________ and perception is to _____________________
detection; interpretation
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Top-down processing
patient's negative expectations about the outcome of surgery can increase their post surgical pain
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Selective attention
students in a study were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were on the phone
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Change blindness
doesn't notice changes that happen in front of you when your attention is elsewhere
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Transduction
The process by which your ears convert sound waves from a sound into neural impulses
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converts physical stimuli into neural messages
Why is transduction important to sensation?
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Absolute threshold
smelling something minutes before someone else; meaning you have a lower _____________________
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They'd be wrong to think that unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive
Subliminal persuasion....why would someone who believes in this be wrong?
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Signal Detection Theory
emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of thresholds
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sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
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Minimizes sensory adaptation
Result of constant quivering of the eyes
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Biopsychosocial approach to understanding perception
Perception is the combo of our sensory capacities, cultural contacts and gestalt principles
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parapsychology
the study of things like telepathy
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intensity of colors
light wave amplitude determines the...
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Retina
Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones
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longest - redshortest - blue/violet
How humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves...
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Hue
Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to_____________________
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Iris
What controls the dilation of the pupil?
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The ganglion cells before its processed by feature detectors
What is visual information processed by?
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Feature Detection
When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock
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Young-helmholtz Theory
The retina contains 3 kinds of color receptors
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Opponent-process theory
cells that are stimulated by exposure to YELLOW light are inhibited by exposure to BLUE light
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Gestalt Psychology
emphasized the whole may exceed the sum of its parts
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Figure Ground Principles
the cocktail party effect shows _______________________
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Visual Cliff Experiment
showed that the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate
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Retinal disparity
3D movies enhances our sense of depth perception by simulating the effects of ___________________________
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stroboscopic movement
Cartoons like Bugs Bunny hoping on the screen is an example of _____________________________
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Shape constancy
textbooks cast a trapezoidal image on the retina but people perceive them as rectangles due to the ___________________________
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misperception of distance
Ames room displays how we can misperceive distance
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color constancy
an object's color is perceived/influenced by its surrounding objects
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Immanuel Kent
emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences
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John Lock
believed people learn to experience the world through experience
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sensory restriction
only causes damage early in life, suggesting there is a critical period for more perceptual development
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perceptual set
stereotypes are most similar to __________________________; after watching a scary movie you perceive a sound in your home as an intruder
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frequency of the sound wave
Pitch is determined by......
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Someone with Sensorineural hearing loss
What does a cochlear implant benefit?
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middle ear function
when the middle ear is damaged, a hearing aid could aid/restore the sense of hearing
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Initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex
What does movement of the hair cells along the basilar membrane do?
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nerve deafness
would likely happen as a result of damage to the basilar membrane
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conduciton hearing loss
Effects of rupture of the eardrum
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Place theory
high frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane suggest ___________________
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Place vs. Frequency Theory
Frequency - low pitchPlace - high pitch
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yes!
Is place and frequency theory correct about how we hear pitch?
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it reaches both ears at the same time
Difficulty of hearing overhead sounds indicates....
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Pressure spots
when tickling someone, a person strokes adjacent pressure spots on their skin
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Receptor cells for kinesthesis
located in the joints, tendons, bones, and ear
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Nociceptors
if you burn yourself, ______________________ transmit pain triggering signals to your CNS; also initiate neural impulses leading to pain
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gate-control theory
suggests pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate
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auditory
Tinnitus is the phantom ________________________ sensation
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why children resist eating certain foods
Kids have more taste receptors so their sensitivity to taste is greater
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smell
What are olfactory receptor cells used for?
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Kinesthesia
system for sensing position and movement of body parts
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vestibular sense
ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends on the __________________________
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Sensory interactions
With eyes closed and nose plugged, it's hard to distinguish tastes as different
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Embodied cognition
our bodies can alter our cognitive preferences and judgments
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community psychologists
Psychologists who work to understand the quality of life of individuals
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psychodynamic perspective
how our bodies unconsciously remembers experiences that our minds cannot recall
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mary calkins
first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association
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mental processes
Cognition revolution involved a renewed interest in ______________________
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placebo
something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect
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mean in a data set
found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set
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introspection
examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
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replication in science
if two or more people do the same experiment they should get the same result; scientists can check their work
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operational definitions
making sure that a psychologist's claims match other psychologists' understandings
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psychiatrist
medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders
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pituitary gland
endocrine system's most influential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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introspection
Behaviorists dismiss the value of ___________________________
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contemporary psych
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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cause and effect
psychologists use experiments to distinguish between _____________________________
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wording effects on experiments
possible effects on participants caused by the order of presented words or even the choice of the words themselves
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biological, psychological, social-cultural
levels of analysis
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behavioral perspective
focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior
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how much each point varies from the mean
standard deviation on a normal bell curve
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unconscious mind vs. individual's potential
psychoanalysis vs. humanists
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motor cortex
which part of the brain relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements?
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parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
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synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
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Alcohol in large and small doses
small doses: increase your heart rate, aggression, and impulsivenesslarger doses: typically causes sluggishness, disorientation, and slower reaction times, as it decreases your mental sharpness, blood pressure, and heart rate
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NREM-1 sleep
slowed breathing & irregular brain waves; sensations of falling or floating
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both are depressants
why is it dangerous to combine alcohol and a sleeping pill?
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brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
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marijuana
feeling relaxed, hallucinations, memory loss are all effects of ______________________
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manifest content
the actual content of one's dream
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intensity
Light-wave amplitude determines the _____________________
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motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
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MRI
best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)...
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60 year olds spend less time in deep sleep
20 yr. olds vs. 60 yr. olds deep sleep patterns
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any stage
sleep talking may occur in what stage of sleep?
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Franz Gall
proposed the idea of phrenology in the 1800s
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natural selection
traits that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to the succeeding generations
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endocrine system
glands secrete HORMONES that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
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psychological, biological
Everything that is ______________________ is also ____________________
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REM Sleep
rapids eye movement
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spacing effect
information is retained better if there is a longer period of time between sessions or relearning
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Imagery
Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)
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Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
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semantic encoding
the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
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short term
Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt _________ memory
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